After slavery was abolished, African Americans never had...

After slavery was abolished, African Americans never had the same rights as other U.S. citizens. In the 1950s the civil rights movement came about in order to try to gain equality among all people in the United States. For the most part, there were three presidents that had the most impact on the civil rights movement; D. D. Eisenhower, J. F. Kennedy, and L. B. Johnson. During the events that unfolded in the time period that these three men were presidents, Kennedy impacted the movement the most, Johnson continued that success, and Eisenhower was silently opposed but made a few contributions to supporting the civil rights movement. President Eisenhower was elected into office in 1952 and began term in 1953-1961. During his term many†¦show more content†¦This whole time Eisenhower was president, but he silently did not agree with desegregation or civil rights. In the case of Brown vs. Board of Education he had appointed Warren to the Supreme Court, and the case was decided unconstitutional. When the Montgomery Bus Boycott was in effect, Eisenhower allowed troops to make sure that it stayed a peaceful protest all while still opposing civil rights silently. Lastly, in the case of the Little Rock Nine Eisenhower only intervened because of a political standpoint. When the Little Rock Crisis happened he sent troops to protect the black students from the protestors in order to keep them safe, but still did not support the decision to allow them to attend the school. After Eisenhower’s terms came Kennedy who became president in 1961. Unlike Eisenhower, Kennedy silently supported the civil rights movement. In 1961, the first group of Freedom Riders traveled on bus right after the Supreme Court outlawed segregation on public transportation. These Freedom Riders were attacked and beaten shortly after their first journey however. During this period, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a strong advocate and preacher for civil rights. Dr. King was arrested multiple times for protesting without a permit in many states and one of the most remembered was in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama.Show MoreRelatedAmendments846 Words   |  4 Pageshave had a major impact on the United States of America from the beginning. These three amendments have changed our country immensely for the better. The Thirteenth Amendment officially abolished slavery, and is still illegal till this day. The Fourteenth Amendment stated that if you were born in the United States of Amer ica you were officially an American citizen no matter race. The Fifteenth Amendment banned each government in the United States from taking away an american citizen’s right to voteRead MoreLincoln, Race, And The Spirit Of The 761247 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln was put into office March 4, 1861, and this would be the start of a significant change for America. Many people see Lincoln as one of the best presidents that was in office for America, but others have opposing views on how he was not the best president in office. In Lucas E. Morel’s, â€Å"Lincoln, Race, and the Spirit of ‘76†, he expresses, â€Å"Many people who consider Abraham Lincoln the greatest American president would be surprised to discover that he endorsed black colonizationsRead MoreThe Constitution Of The American South After The Civil War1369 Words   |  6 Pagesto the U.S. Constitution to adapt a regulation or expand on the rights of individuals and groups of peo ple. Two amendments that play a significant role in the United States Constitution to this very day are the 13th and 14th amendments. These amendments are known as the reconstruction amendments because the documents were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the Civil War. Their advocates saw them as transforming the United States from a country that was halfRead MoreThe Dred Scott And The Emancipation Proclamation And Civil War1280 Words   |  6 PagesDred Scott was an African American born into slavery who attempted to buy freedom for himself, but failed. Scott then sued for freedom and the case was taken to the Missouri courts however, he eventually lost at the Supreme Court level. This case was one of the most controversial topics in history, with several arguments regarding each standpoint. The Dred Scott case was a strong indication of the upcoming Emancipation Proclamation and Civil War. While there are many different controversies concer ningRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1728 Words   |  7 Pagesexertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals†. Slavery was a struggle that America had to overcome in the 1800s in order for America to progress. At the time, slaves were also going through hard times by getting separated from their families and going through excessive hard work on the plantations. Even though it was a struggle for the north, and the slaves, but not for the south since it was a benefit for them. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was put into the Presidential office and would have a majorRead MoreThe Civil Disobedience Of African Americans1369 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of African-Americans has come a long way through the years. They were first imported as slaves as property to do hard labor for their owners. With no freedom, they were forced to obey orders until a revolution appeared. It took a civil war to finally free blacks and to give them the right to be citizens of the countr y. It was then that the chains of slavery were finally broken, but the chain of discrimination still existed. Under racial segregation, colored people were not allowed toRead MoreEssay on Racism In America1586 Words   |  7 PagesRacism In America Racism (n): the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other race (Wordnet search, 1), a controversial topic in today’s society, a subject that many people try to sweep under the rug, but yet a detrimental problem that has been present in America since the colonial era. Will this dilemma come to a halt? Can all Americans see each other as equals despite their skin color and nationality; and what role has it played in past generations versus today’sRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1892 Words   |  8 PagesReconstruction period after the Civil War is a prime example of a complete failure. The Reconstruction period consisted of many goals and ideas that Americans planned to achieve in their country after being torn apart from the Civil War. One of the main objectives was to rejoin all of the states to the union to help rebuild the South and help African Americans come back into society. It soon came to an end and was a com plete failure since Southerners would not abide by the laws of rights to former slavesRead MoreLincoln s Rights Of Slavery1730 Words   |  7 Pageshated slavery; he thought it was something cruel. He noticed that the nation started dividing because of this issue and he wanted to fix, at any cost. However he thought he did not the given power to end slavery and furthermore because the constitution protected slavery, yet he interfered with this institution after his 1860 election. Though Lincoln had no plan â€Å"to interfere† with slavery when the war started, by 1862 Lincoln understood that in order to save the Union and win the war, he had authorityRead MoreEssay on Slavery In Illinois1556 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in Illinois This essay talks about the dated events that happened in Illinois, focusing on slavery, from the time it begun, whether it should be implemented or not, its abolishment, and up to the time it ended. The paper also contains a well-opinionated reaction about slavery, how it is different from today. The Civil War Period has always been the primary hub of teaching in any American History classes. The era between the American Revolution and the Civil War was of a great importance

Police Enforcement Attempt to Catch Sexual Predators

Tetzlaff-Bemiller, M. J. (2011). Undercover online: An extension of traditional policing in the united states . 5(2), 813-824. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=55aa80b7-28ab-4e79-bcdc-1faa9e027f67@sessionmgr112vid=1hid=104 The author here from the University of Central Florida studied law enforcement officers who work under cover chatting investigations to catch sexual predators. Tetzlaff-Bemiller conducted a sample consisting of 17 telephone interviews who were members of special units the law enforcement personnel used to catch sexual predators. The data that was collected consisted of multiple parts. The first part consisted of 12 questions where questions were asked about their backgrounds, how they became part of their unit, what their work schedule is. The second part was more about the law enforcement personnel’s home lives, which asked about relationship statuses, children and social lives. The third section of the survey asked about the personnel’s training which consisted of two questions with more follow ups focusing on where or where from they got their training and content of the training. The fourth section relates to Questions here contain strategies used, sites patrolled, and how the respondents identify with their targets. Marcum, G. (2007). Interpreting the intentions of internet predators: An examination of online predatory behavior. 16(4), 99-115. This article is a study of three chat room conversations betweenShow MoreRelatedTechniques Used by Law Enforcement Officers to Catch Criminals549 Words   |  3 Pages Law enforcement officers have used multiple techniques over the years to try to catch criminals in the act. One such technique is the use of undercover officers, who work in the field to gain information under a false persona. This tactic is often used to catch child predators in online chat rooms. These men and women of the law pose as young boys and girls in an effort to catch a predator before they can harm another child. In the course of the transcript we were to read for class, the officerRead MoreThe Problem Of Cyber Crime988 Words   |  4 PagesIssues law enforcement must deal with regarding digital crime and terrorism. The number of police agencies with advanced or computer crime unit has increased extensively over the last several years, but the majority of these agencies serve large urban populations (Wolf, 2009). Also, prosecutors and judges are turning out to be well versed in computer crime and the unique law and vagaries inherent in these cases. Thus, it has been unclear how well the state and local law enforcement agencies areRead MoreCyber Predators And Its Effects On Children1593 Words   |  7 Pagescyber crime I have chosen is cyber-predators. Cyber predators are individuals who commit sexual abuse that begins or takes place on the Internet. Although the Internet did not create child predators, it has significantly increased the opportunities predators have to meet victims while minimizing detection. They can communicate with children anonymously through instant messaging, social networking sites, chat rooms, message boards, and even cell phones. Online predators do not fit any one mold or stereotype;Read MoreSexual Harassment At The Civil Rights Act1746 Words   |  7 PagesTitle 42 of the Civil Rights Act may be utilized to address online victimization. This statute has been interpreted to prohibit sexual harassment in work environments† (Southworth, Finn, Dawson, Fraser, Tucker, 2007). States can utilize other statues in an effort to protect victims. Such statues can be applied to cameras, invasion of privacy, and even stalking attempts where cameras and such devices are used. The need for exact laws with cameras is sometimes clear but how and what statues are notRead MoreTreatment For Adult Male Sex Offenders7321 Words   |  30 PagesSex offenders were often treated using a variety of psychodynamic and client-centered techniques. A major shift in the field came in 1983 with the publication of an article that presented for the first time a relapse prevention model designed for sexual offenders (Pithers, Marques, Gibat, Marlatt, 1983). Pithers and Marques adapted the work pioneered by Marlatt for alcoholics. Relapse prevention is essentially a self-control model that teaches the individual to identify and recognize a unique patternRead MoreWhy People Commit Crime When Deciding How Crime Should Be Handled And Prevented1871 Words   |  8 Pagesfind new ways to de al with and eliminate criminal behavior. I am going to discuss one of the social process theories; specifically, the labeling theory and how it relates to the popular CBS TV show Criminal Minds. Criminal Minds is an American police, FBI focused television program that first aired September 22, 2005 on CBS. It is produced by, â€Å"The Mark Gordon Company in association with CBS Television Studios and ABC Studios† (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Minds). This popular seriesRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 Pagesincreases along the way, providing high profit and risk incentive to traffickers. The end user has often been a poor person who buys drugs before the necessities of life. Estimates of illicit drug production come from several sources. Systematic attempts to provide information about the amount of opiates or coca produced may employ high technology satellite mapping, ground surveys, agronomic characteristics or consumption figures. Political factors may also affect the process of preparing estimatesRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesa society shaped by the history of plantation slavery and organized around Eur opeanderived values and institutions. The chapter points out that the Rastafarian response to the oppression and alienation of the Jamaican situation is in essence an attempt to create a cultural alternative based on the re-appropriation of an African identity. I include this chapter for two reasons. First, it highlights what I consider the essence of Rastafari: the rejection of Babylon and the re-appropriation of AfricaRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesspeak to in the household as it is to randomize the household you select. If you didn’t, you’d primarily get women and older people. Bold exercises answered in back Comment on this approach to selecting a sample. How does the sampling procedure attempt to minimize certain types of bias? Are there sources of bias that may still be a concern? 2.22 The report â€Å"Undergraduate Students and Credit Cards in 2004: An Analysis of Usage Rates and Trends† (Nellie Mae, May 2005) estimated that 21% of undergraduates

Human Resource Management in Switzerland

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management in Switzerland. Answer: Introduction A report on human capital by World Economic Forum in 2106, ranked Switzerland in the third position globally. This report was founded on the ability of a country to harness the skills and knowledge of its population for economic growth. Several factors contribute to utilization of human capital; education, employment, political and economic environment. The analysis provided by the report scrutinizes education in across the globe and discusses the relevance of the knowledge acquired to the various sectors within a country. Switzerland retained its third position from the previous year due to its ability to utilize its population in growing her economy (Martin Whiting, 2016). Previously, it had been ranked for its productive workforce which is a result of academic structures that the government has invested heavily. Human resource management in Switzerland is centralized; the federal office of personnel is tasked with the setting human resource policies. It is responsible for defining and coordinating human resource policies, managing the pay system, training workers and levering their absorption into the workforce and also fosters diversity within the workforce. Its workforce has one of the highest numbers of employees working in full-time jobs within the public sector. The government has laws in place that govern the employment of its citizens. Switzerlands human resource practice is primarily centralized and has position-based recruitment practice. Recruitment is done through direct applications to the ministry where applicants that achieve the merit required are shortlisted for interviews. Workers pay is managed by a system which is determined by a collective bargaining structure. Employee assessment is done annually through written reports by supervisors. Supervisors are expected to give details of activities carried out, quality of employee output, employee skills exhibited and relevance of the work. Employees can go up in their ranks as their performance and experience increase. Comparison of Switzerland, Malaysia and Nigeria HRM Case Presentations In Switzerland, age and gender influence the employment practice. These demographics are components of the workforce dynamics which are a contributing factor to the economy. The largest percentage of the employee comprises of middle age individuals of 40-49 years of age with 30% share in the workforce. Women are given more consideration in the employment of individuals to the public sector. Although women are given more consideration during employment, their numbers are still low in the public sector. They occupy 26.4% of the total workforce in the public sector while 11% of them hold top management positions. In Malaysia, human resource management is centralized, and all the functions are governed by the Ministry Of Human Resources. It is responsible for the development of skills, employment, regulation of the pay system, and the formulation of policies that govern markets and employee relations. The Malaysian public sector is centric to the improvement of performance of its citizens. It aims at projecting a structured system that determines human resource utilization. It provides guidelines on the recruitment of citizens into the workforce and their progression throughout their careers. The country has three ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese and the Indians. The largest percentage of the workforce is held by the Malay who has a population of 54.6% of the total population of the country. Ethnic imbalance in Malaysian public sector has been criticized for lack of equal representation of its citizens. Nigeria is one of the most populous countries in the world with over 1980 million people. Currently, the country is facing economic recession due the global fall in oil prices. Nigeria has been an economic powerhouse in the sub-Saharan Africa for decades, and the human resource index has played a key role in it (Van der Westhuizen, 2009). Its population comprises of the highest number of skilled middle-aged citizens that could be assimilated into the workforce. The country has invested a lot in education and health to ensure that the country has a productive workforce. Nigeria lacks a centralized human resource management body, and the employment function is delegated to the different ministries within the government. The government has adopted some of the International Labor Organization conventions for the management of human resource. HRM Procedure Many countries have developed guidelines used in the recruitment and deployment of their workforce. This facilitates the efficiency of work adaptation by employees and increases their productivity (Gold, 2013). Policies that govern how these activities are conducted are crucial in managing conflicts that may arise. Procedures provide guidelines on the employee welfare that includes their benefits, health, and wellbeing (Knill, Balint, 2008). The three countries have similarities and differences in their procedure development and applications The Switzerland government classifies employees into different ranks according to their qualifications. The central government delegates some of the responsibilities of the ministries or units within the government including the recruitment, contract terms, career progression and dismissal from work. The quality of work output is tracked by the central organ which determines the worthiness of the employee. The conditions that workers are exposed to are managed by a federal body and the respective ministries. Other responsibilities that are shared between the government and the ministries include the formulation of work ethics and the provision of equal employment opportunities for the citizens. The Malaysian government has a central human resource management function as in Switzerland. The citizens are given opportunities to work in different sectors in the government. The recruitment of workers is done through a central placement of workforce. Although the Malay community has dominated the public service over the past decades, there is an increasing number of applications from all its ethnic groups in the country. The government has invested in supplying its sectors with the quality workforce to aid in innovation. Contributing factors to the success of any institutions consist of a quality human resource, structure, appropriate strategies and a clear support system within the government. Recruitment practice in Malaysian government is focused on diversifying its workforce to ensure that quality output is realized. In the Nigerian government, the HRM procedures is a responsibility given to the different ministries within the government. This practice allows the ministries to develop their guidelines and strategies in employing their workers. The Federal civil service of Nigeria is a regulatory body that oversees the recruitment and placement of the workers. It is tasked formulating policies that govern how ministries recruit their employees and analyses the work output of these employees. It gives guidelines for determining the type of skills required for a particular post. HRM Issues/Implications Countries strive to utilize the labor provided by the population for economic growth. Population increase is a positive and a negative factor to any economy. Gold, J. (2013) argues that the ability of a country to absorb its population into its workforce is crucial and if the population is overwhelming then it may strain its other resources and slow the economic growth. Consumption rises while production goes down affecting the dynamics of the economy. The population of the three countries in comparison differs; Nigeria leads the pack with over 180 million inhabitants. The population is a factor that needs to be regulated to avoid straining the economy. Training and education given to employees form part of a pivotal role in the economic growth a country. Education gives a chance to citizens to improve their lives through employment opportunities provided by the government. Investing in education is important to a country as the workforce is supplied continually with staff that is knowledgeable. Training should regularly be given to the employees to keep them updated with the new trends such as technology. HRM Discussion Human resource management is crucial to any institution. A structured system of recruiting employee is important as employees can work in areas of their specialization. Potential employees are given a chance to apply for posts that they feel more qualified to serve. The three countries have made policies to regulate how the public sector works for improvement and stabilization of their economies (Nankervis, Rowley, Salleh, 2016). Employees betterment is important as they can fully contribute to the economy when their working conditions remain favorable. Recommendations and Conclusion A central placement human resource is manageable and transparent. It gives all the citizens an opportunity to work in areas they qualified to work. Employee needs should be given attention as they constitute the breath line to the success of an economy. Any conflict that may lead to strikes or go-slows should be avoided, and these problems should be mitigated. From an economic development perspective, countries should focus on educating the population, creating job opportunities and giving them a recommendable pay for their work. These factors would build a satisfied workforce whose output is of high quality. References Gold, J., (2013). Human resource development: Theory and practice. London publishers. Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W., Morley, M. (2004). Human resource management in Europe: Evidence of Convergence. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Knill, C., Balint, T., (2008). Explaining variation in organizational change: the reform of human resource management in the European Commission and the OECD. Barcelona: CIDOB. Martin, M., Whiting, F., Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2016). Human resource practice. Pearson. Nankervis, A., Rowley, C., Salleh, N., (2016). Asia Pacific human resource management and organizational effectiveness: Impacts on practice. New York. Van der Westhuizen, E. J., (2009). Managing people in the twenty-first century: integrative public human resource management in sub-Saharan Africa. (Van der Westhuizen, EJ 2005, 'Managing people in the twenty-first century: integrative public human resource management in sub-Saharan Africa'), Politeia, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 142-160.) Unisa Press.

Summer Of My German Soldier Essay Paper Example For Students

Summer Of My German Soldier Essay Paper The novel, Summer of My German Soldier, written by Bette Greene is about a young Jewish girl, Patty, who befriends a Nazi soldier. She confides in him because of the lack of parental love in her life. The Nazi soldier shows Patty that she is a person of value and is important in the world. This is something that her parents have never told her. Michael Tuchner, director of the cinematic version of, Summer of My German Soldier, does a fair job of portraying the action in the novel, however some key scenes are not shown thus taking away important facts that the viewer would see. We will write a custom essay on Summer Of My German Soldier Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are many scenes in the movie that are not in the book. There are a few key additions, one of which is, Anton asking Patty for accessories. The accessories are a toothbrush, toothpaste, razor, comb, etc. When he is asking for these things he seems really demanding. In the book he does not appear to be this way. Another addition is, towards the end of the movie, Patty’s father comes into her room and tells her that she is a bad person and is dead to him. He also tells her that she has always hated him, and in a way this compares to the scene in the book where he goes into the garage and yells â€Å"nobody loves me, nobody loves me!†. The scene in which Ruth walks through the town with Patty is another key addition. It shows that she is confident in herself and that she is not afraid of the prejudice of the white people. This scene closely compares to the scene in the book where Ruth orders the white guards in the juvenile detention center to fetch Patty’s Chr istmas bag. There are many scenes in the book that do not take place in the movie. The most apparent deletion is of the scenes dealing with the grandparents. In the movie Patty’s grandparents are never mentioned; in the book they play a major role in her life. In the beginning of the book, before Patty meets Anton, her grandparents are all she has. Unlike her parents, they treat her like a person. Also at the end of the book they keep her before she has to go to the juvenile detention center. The movie does not show any of that. Another deletion that occurs is Patty’s punishment for housing the Nazi. In the book she is sent to the juvenile detention center as a punishment. In the movie all that is said is that she will be getting a lawyer to help fight for her. Many of the interactions between Patty and her father are not shown in the movie. In the book Mr. Bergen beats Patty numerous times; in the movie Mr. Bergen only beats her once. Instead of beating her, he only y ells violently at her. This is probably done to keep the rating of the movie minimal. Also, when Patty goes out to see Anton during the night, in the book her father catches her in the kitchen; in the movie she sneaks out via the window and is not caught. A few scenes had the same outcome between the movie and book, but the way in which they were done is different. One major example of this is the scenes that involve Anton’s leaving. In the book, it is at night and it is long and dramatic. They also kiss right before he runs into the night. In the movie, it is during the day and very abrupt. The FBI comes to the Bergen’s house to search for the Nazi. Anton is forced to leave because he does not want to be found. They do not kiss in the movie, but Anton does give Patty a kiss on the forehead before he leaves. Another example of the changes which take place are the book’s and movie’s version of the stone throwing episode. In the book Patty goes out to look for the people whose window she broke to pay them back with Ruth’s money. She gets to her father’s store and sees that the car is there. Her dad gets to her before she can get to them and he beats her without even listening to what she has to say. In the movie Patty gets the money from Ruth and starts to leave. She does not even get out of the house before her dad walks in and starts to yell at her. She tries to tell him that she is going to pay them for the window but he just covers her mouth and yells. During the movie many things take place in different times for which they took place in the book. In the movie Anton escapes during the first part; in the book Anton doesn’t escape until more than halfway through. Also in the book, the preachers’ wife complains to Ms. Bergen about how Ruth got all of the hamburger before she could. She tells Ms. Bergen to fire Ruth, but Ms. Bergen refuses to. This scene takes place in the first couple of scenes of the boo k. In the movie that episode does not happen until almost the end of the movie. This may be like this to foretell what is to happen to Ruth in the future. Cinematic techniques were used wisely in the movie. The costuming is very good. Freddy could definitely be seen as a poor boy, Ruth definitely looked like a house worker, Sharon had the image of a little prissy girl, and Patty was definitely given the image a girl who is treated like trash by her parents. The setting in the movie does not at all differ from the book. The conflict in the movie is also the same as the books. In conclusion, the movie and the book have the same intentions only some scenes are either added, detracted, changed, or rearranged. I would recommend this movie to the study of the novel only the reader needs to keep in mind that there are differences between the two things. They present the same idea but some things are just done differently. .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .postImageUrl , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:hover , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:visited , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:active { border:0!important; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:active , .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83 .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua98288ce36e1b5badc08a29a197dcc83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Satire and Humor In Chaucer8217s Canterbury Ta EssayBook Reports

Drugs History And Definition Essays - Opioids, Euphoriants, Morphine

Drugs History And Definition History / Definition Drugs have a long and notorious history for altering minds. Drugs are used as a way of escaping reality and disappearing into another world. In this speech, I will assist you in understanding the history and definitions of various drugs. My proposed findings are based upon information I have gathered from a variety of what I believed to be reputable and credible sources. Therefore, according to Professor Blum, from the University of Chicago the original home of cannabis is thought to be Central Asia, but has spread around the globe with the exception of the Arctic regions and areas of wet tropical forests. Early in its history?the Chinese undoubtedly used it as a hallucinogen. 1500 years later when they had their first contact with Europeans the drug had fallen into decline. However, its value had become a primary source of fiber and there is record of hemp cultivation dating back to Neolithic times. The United States declared marijuana as an illegal drug in 1937. It has been a source of great controversy ever since. Another popular drug widely used in the United States is cocaine. Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of a plant called E-Coca. E-Coca, a bushy shrub native to South American countries at high altitudes. Cocaine is the primary alkaloid in these leaves. In addition, Sigmund Freud, the famous psychoanalyst, used cocaine to treat many of his patients, later he himself became an addict. Cocaine was found to have a numbing effect, therefore it was introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller. Cocaine use fell off for various reasons, before it reemerged in the late 1970s. Though touted as the ?perfect drug,? it has ruined many lives. Next, lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as (LSD) was created in 1943 by Albert Hofmann. This drug gained huge popularity in the 1960s. Hofmann's description of his experience while testing the drug was a pleasant intoxication-like feeling that extremely stimulated his imagination. His experience of uninterrupted stream of pictures, extraordinary shapes with kaleidoscopic play of colors lasted about six hours. Later, LSD was extensively studied by the military in the 1950s and finally outlawed in 1967. Other common drugs that are different in name but similar in origin are opium and heroin. Opium is thought to be 6000 years old, where heroin was created in 1874 and was originally marketed as a safe, non-addicted substitute for morphine. However, it was quickly noted that heroin also produce dependency very quickly in some individuals. Because of that, heroin and opiates were made illegal in 1920 with the dangerous drugs act. Phencyclidine commonly known as (PCP) was developed in 1926 as a surgical anesthetic. Its developers hoped it would prove safe and effective, but early researchers decided it is not much of neither and it sat on a shelf until 1957. This drug is currently illegal in the United States as well. Lastly, there is the drug labeled amphetamine. Amphetamines are divided into three basic groups?methamphetamine, dexamphetamines, and Benzedrine. These drugs are commonly known as speed, meth, crank, crystal, and ice. In 1887, they were synthesized in Germany?in search of curing disease. In the late 1920s, the drug was seriously investigated as a cure and treatment against nearly everything from depression to decongestion. Today these drugs are generally used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also known as (ADHD). In closing of my speech, I would like to quote Dr. Alfred Burger from the New England Journal of Medicine by stating, ?Drugs are chemical compounds that modify the way the body and mind work. Additionally, the word drug has acquired bad connotations in recent years due to the fact that society takes something good and turns into something bad, this has ultimately become a serious sociological problem.? Bibliography Annas, George, J. ?Reefer Madness?The Federal Response to California's Medical Marijuana Law.? The New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 337, No. 6. Aug1997. ?Legal Issues in Medicine.? 4 Mar 2000 Blum, Jeffrey. ?Re: United States Vs. Anderson, CR-89-210E.? 4 Mar 2000

Tobaccos unfair treatment essays

Tobacco's unfair treatment essays Unfortunately for the tobacco industry we live in an unfair society where the population always wants to point the finger at someone other than themselves. Tobacco has been around as long as anyone can remember, and unfortunate for the tobacco industry, they made it possible for the smoking American to be able to buy fully processed and manufactured cigarettes. During this time, the average smoking American has known that smoking causes health problems, and yet they continued to purchase the manufactured cigarette. Then in 1995, President Clinton ordered the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to write rules to regulate the sale and marketing of tobacco products in an effort to curb teen smoking. The writing of these rules would then touch off a series of Legal Battles, of which should not have been. I believe that for once the people that live in this country, should start taking responsibility, stop relying on the Government to make all their decisions, and start living with s ome common sense. Do to President Clinton's interference, the Tabacco Companies were sued by The United States, and a deal was made that the Tobacco Companies would pay 368.5 billion dollars over 25 years (3). This in itself should have been the end of the lawsuits, for the money was split between 44 states and was supposed to be used to repay smoking related medical expenses and also to be used to establish programs to help with the addiction. Only six states so far have made a commitment with their funds to use them towards smoke related programs. The others have treated it as winning the lottery, here are some examples: Louisiana allocated 55 percent of its initial $110 million payment to help balance the state budget (5) Montana used $800,000 of its money to finance a boot camp for juvenile delinquents (5). Along with the awarded moneys there was also other stipulations that would govern the sale and advertising of tobacco products. ...

HR Professionals Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

HR Professionals - Case Study Example as the report declares the primary need for J. & S Air Conditioning is to create a HR department. This department will help to provide a more dynamic picture of the actual nature of strategic management and stresses the need for HRM to be present at all levels of decision-making. Likewise, one which operates only at the administrative level will be seen to provide an incomplete service for the strategic business needs of the company. Although the model is developed from a national base, it is considered useful as a tool for analyzing the role of HRM in providing value-added in an international context. According to the report findings HR professionals do not have to fulfill all four roles themselves. Depending on the processes designed to reach the goal, the work may be shared by line managers, outside consultants, employees, technology, or other delivery mechanisms for HR activities. The tasks of the department will be to develop HR programs, implement thee programs, measure their success and introduce necessary changes in HRM. J. & S Air Conditioning can use traditional techniques of HR development but it should take into account strategic goals and tasks of the management. Recruitment and selection programs will help J. & S Air Conditioning to ensure adequate supply of staff and their performance. Effective recruitment and selection of employees for the core workforce that provides the organization with stability and continuity has become essential for organizational survival and presents another set of challenges. There is already intense competition for workers who are talente d enough to be a part of the core, and this is predicted to become even fiercer. Following Bohlander et al (2004) each member of the core is expected to perform multiple "jobs" and handle multiple responsibilities, as well as to maintain long-term loyalty to the organization. Thus, organizations need to attract and select workers who won't jump ship but who can swim from ship to shore (or ship to ship) as needed, and who can keep their bearings when pushed (Bohlander et al 2004). Online recruitment Online recruitment is one of the innovative solutions to effective and fast recruitment. One of the critical differences among Internet recruiters is the method by which their service matches candidates with jobs. So called bulletin boards, such as Monster Board and Career Mosaic have served primarily as on-line job posting and resume listing services whose main

Young College Female Students in early 1960 to 1963 Research Paper

Young College Female Students in early 1960 to 1963 - Research Paper Example It has become one of the basic needs alongside the other needs like food, shelter, and clothing. The need for education traces its roots to the ancient times with the need to read, write, and perform some arithmetic operations that were necessary for daily activities. Education enables individuals to understand different aspects of life in order to lead a positive way of life. It determines career and enables an individual to earn a living. Education at a higher level involves a form of training that equips individuals with knowledge and skills that can be used in different production practices. It helps individual develop a profession. It is a tool used to empower women and the marginalized groups. Education enables individuals to understand their rights and the roles that they should play in the society. Societies comprise different categories of individuals some of which are marginalized. Females and the minority groups have been the subjects of such forms of discrimination in the societies in the past. Education is essential in preventing and managing such kinds of discrimination. Access to education is affected by different social and economic factors. The financial status of an individual may deny one access to higher education that is quite expensive in most countries. The social factors like the culture that prevails in a given society may also influence access to education. In the olden times, more values were given to the males as compared to the females. In such cultures, females were not allowed access to meaningful education. The females were arguably destined to marriage and it was considered meaningless giving them higher formal education. This practice was witnessed in different parts of the world up to the twentieth century. The availability of the learning facilities is also another factor. Proximity to the educational centers can affect an individual’s access to education. Education saw significant developments across the globe over th e last century. It was observed that the number of students enrolled in tertiary colleges in the world increased over two hundred times from 500,000 students in 1900 to over 100 million in 2000.1 The proportion of female enrollment has also increased considerably in the recent decades. Various initiatives have been established in different countries aimed at empowering women and other disadvantaged individuals in the society. Various women activists have emerged to fight discrimination against women through promoting education of the girl child. The modern family planning methods have also enabled females to carry on with their education beyond high school. In the older days, women got married and were in the family way at their early twenties- mostly before college education. Thus, the enrollment of female students in institutions of higher learning changed significantly from the last half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Similarly, the enrollme nt of females in the colleges in the mid twentieth century is significantly different from the current women enrolment in colleges across the globe. This paper focuses on the college enrollment of female students in the United States in the early 1960 to 1963. The pattern of female enrollment that was seen before this period as well as the patterns that have been seen in the following period is also examined. The paper also focuses on the factors that could have contributed to the changes observed in the enrollment patterns. Thesis statement Despite the difficulties that the activists have encountered in the reform movements, female education has improved over the last decades with the female enrollment

Global Climate Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Climate Models - Essay Example Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the model is very efficient in estimating global climate change. It has been adopted by many nations globally because of its effective understanding of climate sensitivity. Moreover, the ECHAM5 reproduces the global metrics of the tropical cyclones. The other submodels before the ECHAM5 include the ECHAM4 which reproduces the extremes and variability of rainfall (Randall and Wood). The model was developed in 2005 by the Beijing Climate Centre. It was designed as a global ocean, atmospheric global model to reflect or study the mean climatological state (Bader, 2008). Therefore, it was not designed climate change in China, but to be used all over the globe. Additionally, it is very important to note that this model is used to predict global and East Asian seasonal climate. It presents a very high resolution of climate forecasts in China and more so it produces monthly scale forecasts of the climate in this region (Palmer, 2014). As a result, the monthly extended dynamic range system is thus based on the BCC-CM1 model. The BCC-CM1, 2005 has proved to be very accurate in predicting seasonal climate change as compared to the atmospheric and ocean models. After the analysis of the two climate models, it is crystal clear that the models were created in the same year and that both of them are coupled employing a combination of two models in one. However, the two models greatly differ from each other. The BCC-CM1, 2005 was designed in China while the ECHAM5/MPI-ON was designed in Germany. The most important difference is that the BCC-CMI model is very effective in predicting seasonal climate change. On the other hand, the ECHAM5/MPI-OM forecast climate change in the long run (Semenov & Stratonovitch, 2010). The computation of the ECHAM5 is meant to predict the climate change globally, but for a long duration of time.  Ã‚  

Determinants And Implications For Focused Antenatal Care Interventions

Determinants And Implications For Focused Antenatal Care Interventions The coverage of antenatal care (ANC) in many areas is known and there are a number of interventions to encourage use of ANC services by pregnant women. However, for women who attend ANC, it is important that they register at the appropriate time and pay a given number of visits over the pregnancy period to ensure that they receive the interventions recommended for the antenatal period at the right time. When a pregnant woman makes regular contact which her skilled antenatal care provider, she is in a position to receive various services such as those meant for prevention of eclampsia, intermittent preventive treatment for malaria, early detection of HIV/AIDS infection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission, micronutrient supplementation, birth preparedness and provision of information on danger signs occurring while she is pregnant or during delivery.1 Presently, Nigeria is transiting to the Focused Antenatal Care (FANC) approach promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO ) which is aimed at ensuring that each antenatal visit counts and that antenatal care interventions are delivered at the appropriate time.2 FANC is one of the pillars of safe motherhood. The goal of FANC is to ensure that pregnancy is normal through for major actions: identification of pre-existing health conditions, early detection of complications arising during the pregnancy, health promotion and disease prevention and birth preparedness and complication readiness planning.3The interventions are deployed in such a way that they are appropriate for the womans stage of pregnancy.4 Unlike the previously used routine care which was ritualistic and frequent visits, the FANC approach emphasizes evidence-based goal-directed actions, family-centred care, quality, rather than quantity of visits as well as care by skilled providers.3 4 Thus, numerous routine visits are no longer recommended and are considered a burden to women and the health care system. The FANC approach also deemphasizes the routine risk assessment approach for classifying women into high and low risks groups.2 With the risk assessment approach, women attending antenatal care were offered services which include blood pressure check, urinalysis to detect protein or bacteria, and blood test to rule out syphilis or anaemia.5 However many women classified as low risk end up having a false sense of security, are unable to recognize and respond to problems and end up developing complications. In addition, most high risk women give birth without complications and the excess care provided constitutes an inefficient use of scarce resources. The FANC approach in Nigeria requires that pregnant women would have paid the first visit for ANC by the 16 week of pregnancy or earlier when the women first thinks she is pregnant, the second between the 24th to 28th week, the third at the 32nd week and the 4th at the 36th week of pregnancy.2 Some authors have considered early booking to mean that a woman pays her first visit before the 14th week to achieve the aim of improved outcome of pregnancy both for a mother and her unborn child.6 Thus, by 36 weeks, a pregnant woman should have made the required minimum of four visits while those with risk of complications of conditions that can impact on pregnancy would require additional visits. The time of booking and ANC attendance can affect the effectiveness of interventions recommended for pregnant women and thus the goals of FANC. Early booking helps ensure that problems are detected and managed early.2 The first visit gives the opportunity to record information on family, maternal and medical history, carry out a physical examination, request laboratory tests, provide care including intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for malaria in pregnancy (if beyond first trimester), provide counselling including birth plan, use of insecticide treated bed nets (ITN), HIV counselling and testing and to discuss the schedule for care. The subsequent visits are necessary for noting complaints, targeted physical examination, reviewing test results, providing care including IPT for malaria, obtaining information on use of ITN, birth plans and carrying out HIV counselling. Justification for the study Interventions for pregnant women aim protect the woman and her unborn baby for the remaining period of the pregnancy and their provision should be timely. The later the timing of first visit the shorter the period of cover and the higher the risk of development of problems and complications for the woman and her baby. Thus it is not just important to know the proportion of pregnant women attending ANC, it is also important to know when attendees commence such visits and whether they pay an adequate number of visits. Although a number of studies have documented the timing of first visit and number of visits to ANC in the south-west region of Nigeria, little is known about the pattern in the south eastern region of the country. Additionally, most of the studies are limited in scope as they are facility based (usually tertiary hospital based) and thus reflect experience amongst pregnant women who are able to access such facilities even though primary health centres are the closest to people and usually the only available point of care in rural areas. Aim: This study is aimed at documenting the socio-demographic predictors of timing of ANC booking and subsequent attendance amongst pregnant women in order to understand the impact these can have on deployment of focused antenatal care interventions for pregnant women. Objectives: To determine the timing of booking and pattern of subsequent ANC attendance among pregnant women attending primary level facilities To examine whether the timing of ANC booking and clinic attendance is affected by individual level socio-demographic factors To assess the appropriateness of timing of booking and attendance for effective delivery of focused antenatal care interventions To examine how the findings of the study can impact on the deployment of antenatal care interventions for pregnant women. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The concept of focused antenatal care is based on the assumption that since every pregnancy faces the risk of development of complications, every pregnant woman should be monitored to avoid development of such complications.2 Lack of antenatal care is known to be a major risk factor for development of negative pregnancy outcomes. However, when antenatal care is appropriately delivered, it has the potential to positively impact on maternal mortality and morbidity.7 Studies have shown that many women obtain care quite late during the pregnancy period and the care obtained is usually inadequate.2 8 9 The first visit for antenatal care in Africa usually takes place around the fourth to fifth month of pregnancy.5 In the African region, 73% of pregnant women aged 15 49 years pay at least one visit to a health care provider for antenatal care while only 44% pay at least four visits.10 A study by Al-Nasser in Saudi Arabia showed that majority (60.8%) of pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in primary health care centres were first seen before the 20th week of gestation.11 Fekede, et al noted that 42.8% of 360 pregnant women in an Ethiopian town attending antenatal clinic did so for the first time within the 3rd trimester while only 6.5% had the recommended minimum of four visits.12 In Nigeria, the figures assessing antenatal care utilization are below the African regional values as 58% of women aged 15-49 years receive ANC from a skilled health provider at least once during pregnancy while 45% of women make four or more visits for ANC.2 10 Based on the 2008 NDHS the median gestational age at booking is 5 months.2 Among 395 women attending antenatal clinic in public and private facilities covering the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of care in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, 25.8% paid the first visit for antenatal care within the first trimester. Mean gestational age at booking was found to be 18.5 (Â ±6.3) weeks while the mean number of antenatal visits was 4.0 (Â ±2.4).13 A study carried out among 378 pregnant women attending a tertiary hospital in Edo state Nigeria noted that the 6th month of pregnancy as the peak period of first visit for antenatal care among the women.14 Okunlola et al found a mean gestational age at booking of 21.82 (Â ±7.0) weeks wi th only 14.1% of the women paying attending for the first time within the first trimester.6 In a tertiary facility in Osogbo Nigeria, the mean gestational age was found to be 20.3 (Â ±6.2) weeks and 82.6% of those studied booked late.15 Amongst 400 women attending antenatal clinic at a tertiary facility in Ile Ife, Nigeria, 71% had registered by the 20th week of gestation.16 Aluko and Oluwatosin found low rates of first trimester booking and irregular visits for antenatal care among women attending clinics in a mission hospital in Ibadan south west Nigeria.17 Socio-demographic factors and parity have been found to directly influence the timing of first visit for antenatal care though the results are sometimes dissimilar. Most women (79.9%) attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary hospital in Edo state Nigeria were found to have booked late.18 However, there was no significant difference in age, parity, level of education and social class between women booking early and late. In a study carried out among pregnant women attending a the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Adegbola found a mean gestational age at first booking of 18.5 (Â ±8.3), 18.4 (Â ±7.4) weeks for nulliparous and primiparous women respectively.19 The overall mean gestational age at booking was 19.1(Â ±7.2) weeks. Women with parity 5 booked at significantly higher mean gestational age of 25.9 (Â ±) weeks and women of lower social class tend to book earlier for antenatal care. Similarly Adeyemi, et al found that late booking was thrice as common in multiparous women com pared with the nulliparous group and the difference was significant.20 Other authors have found an association between parity and timing of first visit, and number of antenatal visits.11 21 A number of studies have documented the factors that affect use of ANC amongst women in the developing countries;9 these determinants are also likely to affect the timeliness of attendance for ANC. Chandrashekar, et al found that women who are poor, illiterate, multiparous, unskilled and over 30 years of age were less likely to receive antenatal care in India.22 Age was found to be a significant predictor of ANC attendance in a community based study in Ethiopia where women aged 15-24 years were found 2.75 times more likely to attend than those aged 25-34 years.12 Geographic place of residence can also have an impact as women living in urban areas are more likely to receive antenatal care during pregnancy. Women have also been found to concurrently use multiple antenatal care providers and this can affect the timing of booking in a facility. Adeoye, et al found that 25% and 30.5% of women attending two antenatal care clinics in a tertiary facility in Ebonyi state were concurrently using both formal and informal providers of antenatal care.23 Of 535 women attending a tertiary facility in Enugu Nigeria, 69.5% were booked in more than one facility.24 The time of commencement of ANC visits has implications for the period of protection that pregnant women have from interventions. For example where women attend antenatal care late in pregnancy, they may not receive the recommended 2-3 doses of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) for malaria in pregnancy using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations.25 Data from the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) shows that among 11,027 women aged 15 49 years with a live birth within a period of 2 years preceding the survey, only 8.0% received at least one dose of IPT while 4.9% received 2 or more doses.2 The proportion was 9.9% and 5.4% respectively for the south east region of Nigeria. It is important that pregnant women are available at the appropriate time for delivery of IPT which is best given when the growth of the foetus is occurring at its highest velocity (16th 24th week) as this helps to reduce placental parasitaemia, foetal growth reduction and the resultant low birth weight.26 It is also known that the negative impact of malaria is worse among women with their first and second pregnancies compared to those that have had more than two pregnancies.27-29 Thus primi and secundi-gravidae need to pay their first visit early enough to ensure adequate protection through the pregnancy period. The same consideration holds sway for interventions such as insecticide treated nets for which the potential protective time period depends on how early in pregnancy a woman starts sleeping under the net. All it all, timely attendance to ANC is important to enhance the potential for positive pregnancy outcomes since it provides pregnant women with the opportunity to receive recommended interventions and the protection from problems and complications. Socio-demographic and maternal factors such as parity can affect the timeliness of ANC visits by pregnant women. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Study area: This study will be carried out in Enugu State, South-East Nigeria. Enugu state comprises of 17 Local Government Areas (LGAs), has a total population of 3,257,298 people and an annual growth rate of 3.0.30 Three of the 17 LGAs (Enugu North, Enugu South and Nsukka) are urban, one (Enugu East) has a mix of urban and rural areas while the remaining 13 LGAs are rural. The people of Enugu are of Igbo ethnicity and are predominantly Christians. A substantial proportion of the working population in the state is engaged in farming, trading, and public service employment. Study site: Two areas will be purposively selected for the study to enable collection of data across for those in both urban and rural areas of the state. These are Udi LGA comprising Udi North and South Development Councils will be used to represent the rural areas while Enugu North and South LGAs will represent the urban areas. Udi has a population of 234,002 while Enugu North and South have a population of 244,852 and 198,723 respectively.30 Udi LGA has 14 primary health facilities that offer ANC services while Enugu North and South (referred to as Enugu) together have 12 primary facilities that offer ANC (appendix 1). Study design: This will be a cross-sectional study involving eliciting of information from pregnant women attending primary health centres for antenatal care through exit interviews using a pre-tested questionnaire. Sampling and sample size: All the primary health care facilities providing ANC in the study LGAs will be used for the study. Since the level of attendance of ANC varies for different facilities, a proportionate method will be used for determining the sample size for each facility. The proportion will be determined by considering the average weekly number of antenatal clinic attendees to the facility relative to the total from all facilities as reported by the heads of the facilities and the relative proportion will be computed. The minimum sample size required for the study is 374. This was determined using the formula for determination of sample size for population proportion,31 an ANC coverage level of 58%,2 a confidence level of 95% and an error margin of 0.05. Z= 1.96 at 95% confidence level, (two-sided). p=ANC coverage = 58% d=margin of error tolerated = 0.05 Considering a potential refusal rate of 10%, 411 women will be sampled. Study tools: Data will be collected using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire (appendix 2) which will be administered by trained field workers. The questionnaire will be pre-tested amongst pregnant women attending ANC at the Primary Health Centre Abakpa, Enugu East LGA which will not be used for the study. Data analysis: Epi Info statistical software will be used for data entry while SPSS and Stata Softwares will be used for data analysis. Data will initially aim to elicit the determinants of timing of booking of ANC. Subsequently, a continuous socio-economic status index will be generated using the principal component analysis technique in STATA software package 32 to enable disaggregation of data into socio-economic quintiles. Information that will be used include households asset holdings including television, radio, refrigerator, car, bicycle, rechargeable lamp, kerosene lamp, electric fan, air conditioner, motorcycle.33 The SES quintiles generated will be used in assessing differences in timing of booking for women of various SES groups. Logistic regression analysis will be employed for examination of the determinants of the timing of booking. Data analysis will also aim to estimate the proportion of women attending at the appropriate time for delivery of recommended interventions . Chi squared test will be used to test for significance of differences observed for categorical data while chi squared for trend test will be employed for ordered categorical data. All tests of significance will be done a p value of 0.05. Ethical considerations: Ethical clearance will be obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, while permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Primary Health Care Coordinator of the LGAs as well as from the heads of facilities to be used. Written consent will be obtained from patients who are interviewed after they have been informed of the objectives of the study and the voluntary nature of their participation.

Looking for a hotel where kids are welcome? :: Essays Papers

Looking for a hotel where kids are welcome? GRAPH The well-known comic The Family Circus by Bil Keane, which is run in over 1500 newspapers, shows the hectic life of an American family, giving meaning to the saying, "Kids will be kids." It is based on the actual life of Bil Keane’s family and his experiences as a child. The most commonly noted features of his comic are the circular shape he often encloses the pictures in, and the dotted line that follows the children around, giving away their every move. Many other cartoonists try to capture the Family Circus mood by incorporating these features into their own works. GRAPH The Wyndham Hotels & Resorts advertisement uses this technique to show the path your child may take around the room of a hotel, where there is nothing else for them to do. It describes the creative and active characteristics of children, who require near constant entertainment that keeps them busy and uses their developing mind. At Wyndham hotels, they understand that keeping your children entertained is a challenging task for you, the parent, which is why they provide an activity package for your kids. The disapproving glare from behind the desk that is sometimes given to parents as they walk into a nice hotel with their three young children is often mirrored to pet-owners, which I can relate to. This gives you a feeling of insecurity and makes you feel unwelcome. I know I appreciate when the hotel at which I am planning to stay has a special feature for pets because then I know not only am I welcome, but that they also welcome my dog. The feeling is similar with parents wanting their children to be welcome. You know from watching Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. with your kids, how much they love Spongebob Squarepants. Moreover, you know that sleepovers are fun. Wyndham Hotels & Resorts also know this, which is why they are advertising this Spongebob Squarepants sleepover party package.

Spontaneous Consumer

The impacts on ’Spontaneous Consumer’ have resulted in the trend on Auckland Theatre Company. Impacts such as raising demands in the sales of tickets at the last minute. As inferred from the case study, â€Å"on average, 25-30 per cent of a season is booked in advance by subscribes. This may create loss of sales revenue from the particular group of ‘Spontaneous Consumers'. However, Auckland Theatre Company may extend their registration dates to cater to this particular group's needs. Extended registration dates such as having two sessions. First session registration dates to be launch earlier in the month, second session registration dates to be launch end of the month to cater to busy consumer who are not able to make it for the first launch dates. Other impacts such as disputes consumers may derive from ‘the spontaneous consumers. ‘ The inability to purchase a ticket to the play due last minute decision may result in poor customer experiences and thus poor customer retention. As inferred from the case study, â€Å"Part of the reason for the success of Auckland Theatre Company lies in the company's ability to recognize and address the safety, social, ego and self-actualization of the consumers. The inability to purchase a ticket to the play due last minute decision may also result in the lack of ego needs toward consumers. In addition to minimize the negative impacts on Auckland Theatre Company. Auckland Theatre Company can accommodate to this particular group of ‘spontaneous consumer' by using the power of marketing strategic to enhance attractive promotion such as ‘ early bird promotion' to attract spontaneous consumers to purchase their tickets in an earlier timings. This may help to increase the impulse of spontaneous consumers and influence their buying decision through marketing strategic and also help generate revenues for their company.

Macbeth Essays - English-language Films, British Films, Free Essays

Macbeth Essays - English-language Films, British Films, Free Essays Macbeth Macbeth: a Tragic Hero A tragic hero is a person whos life is determined by four elements: fate, weakness (in Macbeths case, fear), poor decision making, and the realization of flaws with inability to prevent the oncoming tragedy. First of all, fate is defined as the power or force held to predetermine events. Fate makes its first appearance in the play when Lady Mac receives Macbeths letter which tells of the witches prophecies. At this point, Lady Mac is stricken with fear because she is afraid that Macbeth will not utilize his opportunity to seize the crown, Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to have thee crowns withal (1.5 29-30). In the end, Macbeth will have to come face to face with his fate and deal with it accordingly. Secondly, Macbeths weakness (fear) is another element in his being a tragic hero. This weakness is portrayed often in the character of Macbeth. Oftentimes, tragic heroes must contain the element of fear, because it is a very humanizing element, so therefore without it, they would be some sort of superior human, which they are not. They are still human, even though they are heroes. In the case of Macbeth, his fear was created by himself due to the situations which he has involved himself with. Eventually it is this self-induces, self-produced fear which eats Macbeth from the inside out. In the end, Macbeths fear becomes a totally all-inclusive, all- consuming creature which takes his life and virtually rapes him of his unlawfully obtained position of king. Bibliography 1) Aspects of Macbeth, Kenneth Muir, Philip Edwards, Cambridge University Press1978 2) The New Varioum Shakespeare, Macbeth, Horace Howard Furness, New York American Scholar, 1963. 3) Shakespeare: The Tragedy of Macbeth, John Russell Brown, Barons Educational Series, Inc. 1963. 4) Double Profit in Macbeth, H. L. Rogers, Melbourne University Press 1964. 5) Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, Lippincott & Crowell, Publishers 1980

Sparrow Essay Example

Sparrow Essay Example Sparrow Essay Sparrow Essay Sparrow Essay Sparrow by Norman MacCaig is a short poem, which introduces us to the concept of the harshness and dangers of nature, and the birds which live in it. The poem focuses on a sparrow being a streetwise fighting survivalist, in comparison to other, more exotic birds, which share his habitat. The author uses comparisons between birds and humans, giving the birds human like qualities. The poem starts off with hes no artist, which is very negative and straight to the point. This gives us an initial image of the sparrows uncreative and average ways. Right from the opening line, the sparrows skills and deemed unworthy. This image is then further enhanced when we are told that his taste in clothes is more dowdy than gaudy. This is referring to his feathers as very boring and unstylish, as if they were cheap, uncleansed clothing, and he would rather these than expensive, extravagant clothing. The author then goes on to compare the sparrow to a bird of the higher class, the blackbird. It is said to be writing pretty scrolls on the air with the gold nib of his beak, which shows the graceful and elegant movement of the blackbird as it flies through the sky. This is a direct contrast to the sparrow (hes no artist). The blackbird is being compared to a fountain pen, which is seen as a luxury, and is Judged on its style, rather than its ability. This is also the case with the sparrow. Gold relates to wealth and reflects on the blackbirds superiority over the sparrow. It is then said that the blackbird would call the sparrows nest a slum. This shows that the nest is small and dirty, which is not up to the blackbirds standards. The second stanza initially focuses on poetic and beautiful language to show how the more graceful birds live. MacCaig uses alliteration here (stalk solitary and sing solitary) which is very effective and adds to he delicate, melodic language of the stanza. This then leads on to an anti-climactic ending which explains that the sparrow would rather a punch up in the gutter. This implies that the sparrow is nothing more than a street fighter by introducing an element of violence, and shows that nature can have destructive forces within it. Norman MacCaig shows us that the sparrow only cares for survival skills, as he carries what learning he has lightly. He has no need for artistic or any other skills that other birds may have. It is said that he is a proletarian bird, which shows that e is very common, working class, and certainly no scholar. He only needs to know what is useful to him for survival. The final stanza starts with but when the winter soft-shoes in which introduces a change in direction. This is a use of personification, and makes winter sound as if it had crept up behind the birds without them even noticing. This emphasises the dangers of the winter season for the birds. The other birds are then identified as ballet dancers, musicians, architects. These are the artistic birds that, instead of learning basic survival skills, they gracefully fly around ballet dancers), make beautiful music with their songs (musicians), and build impressive nests (architects). It is this point when the true harsh nature of the winter is revealed, as it is said that these birds die in the snow and freeze to branches. Despite all their impressive aspects, they do not have the practical skills like the sparrow. The sparrow inevitably survives the winter, and the other birds are said to watch him happily flying on the O-levels and A-Levels of the air. The poet uses humorous irony here, as it relates to school grades. This also once again, relates back o the human comparison, and makes a very effective ending for the poem. Sparrow by Norman MacCaig provides us with a different insight into nature, and characterises the sparrow, which would normally be considered as Just another common bird. The poet, through a variety of writing techniques, describes the beauty and harshness of nature, and the character of the sparrow, and other birds. Throughout the poem, MacCaig shows us that there is no shame in being a common, working class person. When danger arises, it is the common man that will have the practical skills, and strength of character to survive.

The American Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The American Experiment - Essay Example Jurists make their deliberations under the cloak of secrecy hence it is very difficult to make out what happens in their discussion chambers. Legal policymakers have for a long time relied on untested intuitions on juries to make important decisions about both the scope and conduct of jury trials. However, empirical research on the functioning of the jury is gradually replacing this initial reliance on intuition, speculation, and anecdotes. There is a lot of information on the cognitive processing at trial as well as dynamics of jury deliberations. In their research study, Zeisel and Kalven try to explain why and how members of the jury make their decisions (Murphy, Pritchett, Epstein & Knight, 2006). The authors refer to the whole jury system as an experiment but unfortunately with the conduct of serious human affairs. They describe how the Judiciary picks members of the Jury as one of the factors that make it an experiment. The authors state that the random choice of the Jurists and then the abrupt dismissal at the end of a trial makes it all the more experimental. They argue that most of the Jurists are not usually well versed with law terminologies and despite the Judge’s warnings; most of them often make their decision way early in the pre-trial phase. Zeisel and Kalven further state that the confidence in the jury system shows that the emotional and social aspects of the Jurists’ human nature were implicit in the formulation of this democratic ideal (Murphy, Pritchett, Epstein & Knight, 2006). According to their research, Jurists use two main phenomena when making their decisions, that is the punished-enough theory and decisions that have race as their basis. On the punished-enough theory, the authors argue that most Jurists make their decisions basing on their emotions rather than logic and the legal instructions that the Judge reads out to them at the beginning of a trial. They further use actual court records

Video Analysis 3 Socio cultural Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video Analysis 3 Socio cultural Theory - Essay Example They gain increased responsibility and become fully participative in the activities under consideration. It is worth pointing that when learners are engaged in playful environments, their cognitive abilities are enhanced. This enables them to perform challenging tasks with assistance (Mitchell and Myles, 2004, p. 262). The video outlines the reasons behind fostering interaction in the classroom. Interaction accommodates learning differences and styles from different students while providing students with an excellent environment for getting involved in different cognitive abilities. Further, interaction motivates students to learn through improving on task engagement while enabling students to get involved in engaging activities. The video uses two examples to elaborate on the aforementioned reasons of fostering student interaction. According to Foster and Ohta (2005), assistance enables a learner to do something that he/she would not have otherwise done (p. 414). This is exemplified in the video, where students are seen assisting one another in the various tasks. For instance, in the second example in the video, we see the students assisting each other to write a correct sentence. The teacher finally assists them to develop correct sentences. Interaction is another crucial aspect, which is exemplified in the video. Establishment and management of an interactive environment is essential in facilitating learning (Zuengler and Miller, 2006). In the video, students are seen interacting with others and with their teacher in completing the tasks given. Further, playing and attempting challenging tasks (in assistance) help students to enhance their cognitive abilities. In the video, specifically in the first example, students are seen engaging in a competitive situation. This is tantamount to playing, which enables students to think fast (whether the sentence given is true or false). In the second example in the video,

Metropolitan studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Metropolitan studies - Essay Example Mass production of manufacture requires that not only machines are concentrated in specific locations but also the labor force. In turn, the creation of the proletariat led to the creation of the middle class in the cities. Soon the services sector emerged as a market, for services were created due to the concentration of labor. Urban centers are actually centers of concentration of labor residents and the middle class. It is both a system for rule and a result of the division of labor, natural flow of development, and a phenomenon brought about by technological factors. A city can be created through myths and violence but basically it is â€Å"an agglomeration of productive forces built by labor employed within the temporal process of circulation of capital† (Harvey 214-228, 229). For the first case, we can cite the work by W.E.B. Dubois of 1899. Du Bois reported that during the year American Blacks had been segregated, unlike other social groups of Philadelphia, in that â€Å"they do not form an integral part of the larger social group† (117). According to Du Bois, unlike other social groups, the segregation of the American Blacks was â€Å"conspicuous, more patent to the eye, and so intertwined with a long historic evolution, with peculiarly pressing problems of poverty, ignorance, crime and labor, that the Negro problem far surpasses in scientific interest and social gravity most of the other race or class questions† (118). Du Bois hinted that the growth of the Black American slum district of the Philadelphia is somehow linked with the development of the working class. He noted that many alleys are â€Å"haunts of noted criminals, male and female, of gamblers, and prostitutes, and at the same time of many poverty-stricken people, decent but not energetic† (122). Du Bois also noted an â€Å"increased restriction in the employments open to the Negro men since 1880 or even

A Pro Stance for Vaccines Essay Example for Free

A Pro Stance for Vaccines Essay The topic of laws mandating vaccinations is a much debated issue. A large number of parents argue they should not be forced to vaccinate their children in order for them to attend public school and daycare. One reason for the controversy of their use is the increased number of children with autism, which some reports have indicated is a possible side effect of vaccines. Information regarding potential negative side effects of vaccines is abundant although not always accurate; however, the decreased incidence in vaccine preventable diseases illustrates their continued necessity. In the United States many of the diseases vaccinated for are nearly absent in communities now. Some diseases may even be eradicated completely by the use of immunizations, as with the case of smallpox in 1977. (Kee, Hayes, McCuistion, 2012, p. 502) A low incidence in many of the vaccine-prevented diseases can lead some to a false sense of security against the risk of contracting such diseases. It is important for the general population to continue receiving vaccinations. An article in The New England Journal of Medicine points out High vaccine coverage, particularly at the community level, is extremely important for children who cannot be vaccinated, including children who have medical contraindications to vaccination and those who are too young to be vaccinated. These groups are often more susceptible to the complications of infectious diseases than the general population of children and depend on the protection provided by the vaccination of children in their environs. Many parents think there is no longer a risk of their child contracting the disease or even becoming exposed to them at all. The refusal of a few to vaccine may not have much of an impact on society, however, the refusal of many to not vaccinate in a community can have disastrous consequences. If the immunization level of a population drops too low, there can be an outbreak of the disease, and the vaccinated population may not be high enough to cover all of the individuals who refused vaccination. This is clearly evidenced by a measles outbreak documented in 2008. The New England Journal of Medicine discussed this measles outbreak in a 2009 article, Between January 1, 2008, and April 25, 2008, there were five measles  outbreaks and a total of 64 cases reported. All but one of the persons with measles were either unvaccinated or did not have evidence of immunization. Of the 21 cases among children and adolescents in the vaccine-eligible age group (16 months to 19 years) with a known reason for nonvaccination, 14, or 67%, had obtained a nonmedical exemption and all of the 10 school-age children had obtained a nonmedical exemption. Thirteen cases occurred in children too young to be vaccinated, and in more than a third of the cases (18 of 44) occurring in a known transmission setting the disease was acquired in a health care facility. (Omer, Salmon, Orenstein, deHArt Halsey) Children are not the only population in need of vaccination. Many adults either never got their immunizations as a child, never received their boosters, or they received them so long ago that they are no longer effective as contracting the disease. The National Network for Immunization Information reports in the United States, up to 60,000 adults die from vaccine-preventable diseases or their complications. These diseases include influenza, pneumococcal disease, and tetanus among others. This statistic alone shows a need for more immunizations, not less. The reports indicating negative side effects of the vaccines, especially the possible link to autism is just another reason many feel immunizations are an unnecessary risk. References: Ram Koppaka, MD, PhD (2011) Ten Great Public Health Achievements United States, 20012010 Retrieved from Mobidity and Mortality Weekly Report website: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6019a5.htm May 20, 2011 / 60(19);619-623 (2008). Adult Immunizations. Retrieved from National Network for Immunization Information (NNii). website: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/peds.2010-1722Tv1 Kee, J., Hayes, E., McCuistion, L. (2012) Pharmacology: A Nursing Process Approach 7th Edition. St. Louis, MI: Elsevier Saunders, 503-510.

The Lotus And The Nile :: Botany

The Lotus And The Nile The blue lotus (Nymphaea caerulea) belongs to the Nymphaeaceae (Water-Lily) family. The blue lotus has several common names including: Egyptian lotus, blue water lily, and sacred lily of the Nile. It should not be confused with the "blue lily" or Agapanthus africanus, a plant of an entirely different genus (Anonymous, 1999). Be careful also not to confuse it with the Nymphaea lotus, which is the "white lotus". Fossils of this plant have been dated back to the Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. Amazingly, the fossils suggest that the blue lotus has not changed much. Other records indicate wide dispersal of this flower before the Ice Age (Edwards, 1998). It is important to first explain a few things about the nature of the blue lotus. The blue lotus or water-lily, is a floating aquatic plant that is known for it's colorful and aromatic flowers. The leaves are waxy, leathery and dark green with a reddish-purple color underneath (Edwards, 1998). The genus Nymphaea includes both tropical and hardy (cold-tolerant) species. There are also night-bloomers and day-bloomers. The tropical day- bloomers are the lotus that was used by the Egyptians (Edwards, 1998). The flowers of many species of lotus have the shocking habit of folding their petals and sinking beneath the water's surface during the night and resurfacing the next day to bloom again (Philbrick and Les, 1996). Many ancient cultures found the blue lotus to be of great use and of esteemed status. In Asia and Africa, the blue lotus symbolized immortality in recognition of the plant's ability to survive and resprout after long droughts, and the seed's ability to remain viable for many years (Edwards, 1998). In China it was regarded as a religious symbol, and a symbol of feminine beauty. Similarly in India, it was compared with the human female form, and in their legends they believe that Brahma, their creator of the universe, sprang from a lotus-like blossom (Edwards, 1998). The Japanese saw a representation of purity and the juxtaposition of good and evil, and the Buddhist's have a prayer mentioning the lotus, "Omi! Mani padme hum!" which is interpreted as, "Oh!, the jewel in the lotus flower!" (Edwards, 1998). The Greeks also admired the blue lotus. They associated the flowers with the mythical nymphs and beautiful maidens thought to inhabit the forests and mountains (Edwards, 1998). The people of Ancient Egypt (Kemet), used the blue lotus extensively in their art and in their everyday uses.

Product Life Cycle Essay

â€Å"The international product life cycle (PLC) theory of trade states that the location of production of certain kinds of products shifts as they go through their life cycles, which consist of four stages—introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. † There are many ins and outs when a company is putting a product into production and distribution. You must be able to assess the the impact that it is going to gain for your company, for instance when Blackberry makes new phones they have to decide what is going to be a draw for consumers from the operating system, he abilities that come with the phone from wifi connectivity, gps, instant messaging, camera capabilities, battery power and many other options that the consumer is going to inquire about in the competitive market of cell phones and cell phones manufactures, and the distribution and profitability is going to be the marker of success of the product. This is a decision that concept teams and designers must deal with when making a product; we are going to look at the company Audi a German car manufactures that has had great success with their automobile and the history s impeccable and with the impact we are going to look at the life cycle in what goes into making this car company, one of the best car makers and manufactured vehicles in the world today. â€Å"Arrival of the product’s maturity stage is evident when competitors to begin to leave the market, sales velocity is dramatically reduced, and sales volume reaches a steady state. At this point in time, mostly loyal customers purchase the product. â€Å"The Audi A4 has reached a stage of maturity that doesn’t have the onslaught of new buyers, the Audi lineup has diversified itself ith select products that offer a more entry level product that is better on gas, and has more of the financial impact with new design concepts, with wagons, coupes, smaller engines that are preserving the manufacturer’s competitive edge in the automobile industry. The A4 is still an important cog in the Audi machine, but the popularity of the A3 and, latterly, the A1 have eased the burden of expectation quite considerably. Perhaps that makes it a little easier for Audi to finesse this latest generation A4 without too much in the way of compromise. † â€Å"In the wake of the global financial and economic crisis, the drastic slump on stock arkets worldwide initially continued unabated at the start of 2009. Thanks to the many state rescue packages for the financial sector and supporting measures by leading central banks, the situation on the capital markets then stabilized towards the end of the first quarter. † So with the banks of the home country are helping to lend the finances need to invest in Audi’s financial growth and the supplement of income, generates the opportunity for the company to continue their worldwide success, of exporting one of the leading German automobiles in the world. Europe has proven to be a happy hunting ground for Audi and it now has both Mercedes and BMW looking over their shoulders. For the six-month period under review, total European sales grew 13. 5 per cent to about 382,850 cars with its SUV sales up 23. 5 per cent over the ame period last year. † So the overall positioning and product sales are being generated for the company in their home country and is having great success from the sale from their entire lineup and with the generated revenue from the public sector, the company’s growth financially is leading to the verall success of the car manufacturer. As the year progressed, the increasingly positive business indictors and initial signs of recovery in the global economy fueled sharp gains on major international stock markets. A resurgence in confidence in stock markets among market players resulted in many indices finishing the year well up. † With the public stimulation in the stock of the company they are being rewarded for the great innovation, stability and creativity they have when they are entering foreign markets and their market as well. With the financial backing the company is oing to grow and with the company growing around %24 from the previous year their products will continue to have a great international impact. â€Å"Trading groups, whether bilateral or regional, are an important influence on MNEs’ strategies. Such groups can define the size of the regional market and the rules under which companies must operate. Companies in the initial stages of foreign expansion must be aware of the regional economic groups that encompass countries with good manufacturing locations or market opportunities. For instance when you have a company that assesses the needs of their roduct in a foreign market, there is cost associated with the export of their product and with the agreements that the company has that is protected by trade agreements the company will save monies in the long run and withstand the impact of their product being sold in other markets, by sometimes having that price reduction of tax, shipping cost when building that relationship, to progress the growth in their company and in both markets of goods exported and sold. One of the factors behind the success of the brand in Jamaica, Stewart believes, is its affordability despite it being a premier brand. With the brand being sold well in the Jamaican market the bilateral agreement will have success because of the impact that the affordability in this market will have great growth for the company and Jamaica’s market as well. â€Å"In China, mobility is happening top-down. That society’s elite has long been driving full-size cars; the new, affluent middle class is now discovering smaller premium vehicles. In India, mobility is taking shape in the lower segments; the premium markets for larger vehicles is now growing continuously. † With the multilateral movement as well the company is growing in many foreign markets with nd aiding the backing of the Audi brand, that has shown great impact financially for the company and benefits in operating in these markets, reflect the %24 growth. European companies taking advantage of free trade in the Caribbean Single Market Economy (CSME) by establishing trade offices in Jamaica or distribution agreements with Jamaican companies with a view to providing your goods or services to the Caribbean Single Market Economy. † The free trade agreement offers the company to enter the Jamaican market and gain financial traction from the public, buying their cars at a affordable price, the ilateral agreement helps in terms of sales and distribution in allowing the flexibility, opportunity and growth needed for the company and as well as stimulating the Jamaican market. â€Å"Many more people in Jamaica are buying Audi motor vehicles because the brand is cool and its drivers have no class pretensions. They generally tend to be professional, well read and discerning. † â€Å"Audi will launch diesel engine options for the A8, A6, and Q5 in the U. S. within the next 24 to 30 months, according to an announcement made today by Johan de Nysschen, he president of Audi’s American division. † If you are an American you know what it means to fill up at the gas station and know that you won’t last that long on the road, until the next time that you are going to need more gas. One approach that Audi has take is going forward with producing electrical and diesel based engines so that the longevity and affordability of these vehicles will extend the product life cycle. It has been show that these to engine styles extend the life of the vehicle and with that the investment of the vehicle is more bang for the dollar to he average consumer that is looking for a quality investment, and not a stockpile of metal that will need to be resold to the dealership when the miles get high, and will take a finances will take a sharp turn because of this factor. So with that vehicles in America and worldwide not mattering if you’re talking Europe, the Caribbean Islands, China, Canada or Mexico the car maker is looking out for the investor in their vehicles and with the innovation for extended life to their products, safety and creativity in design, and luxury the auto brand maker will continue the company’s rapid growth in all markets they penetrate. Sustainable, superior financial strength is underpinned in particular by continuously optimizing process and structures, realizing reduced costs and ensuring systematic investment management. A high level of self-financing safeguards investments, preserving the ability of Audi AG to innovate and act. The aim is continue financing investment from self generated cash flow. † This will be the backbone of the company for progression and distancing itself from competitors by being able to provide luxury, innovation, and creativity for the consumer in a locations of the world that the company serves.

Canadian Wood Toys INC. Essay

I will begin by highlighting the importance of the audit in assessing the risk and identifying the steps in reducing and mitigating the risk that our company is facing. The impact of the risks on global business it is dramatic in our days, changing the entire look of the industries and financial services. Some risks could be anticipated and identified but some could not. Companies now are using more and more key steps and principles to better manage the risks by; *** identifying the risks relevant to the organization *** assess the significance and implications of those risks to the business *** identify and establish a process for collaboration on risk mitigation with other organizations and partners *** integrate Enterprise Risk Management into the organization *** focus resources on key risks in order to achieve the organization’s objectives (Source – PricewaterhouseCoopers – effective ERM) Under IAA Standard 2120 – Risk Management: â€Å"The internal audit activity must evaluate the effectiveness and contribute to the improvement of risk management processes.† Practice advisory 2120.C1 states: –â€Å"During consulting engagements, internal auditors must address risk consistent with the engagement’s objectives and be alert to the existence of other significant risks. In manufacturing companies, production is usually the most important aspect of the entire process mostly due to the high cost incurred, the staffing and the complexity of the departments involved – Production is of vital concern to management because of the important risks associated with the process. I have identified some of the most important risks and how to manage the risks to minimize the impact. Along with the  production process, other areas can be identified as posing risks; distribution, finance, human resources †¦ I have identified below some of the risks with the highest impact in our company: KEY RISKSMITIGATON (examples) The risk of manufacturing defective or substandard products Determine the cause of the quality defect (human error or machine) Trend analysis reports to address the recurrence of the defects The risk of missing deadlines for toys deliveries at Christmas time Review the production scheduling to agree with the specific job orders to avoid overproduction of toys that are not scheduled for delivery The risk of labor insecurity; potential strikes Review labor contracts and minimum wage government regulations; negotiations with union and labor boards The risk of unknown competition on international markets Use various econometric and statistical analysis to monitor the movement of market interest The risk of foreign exchange Use a foreign exchange contract Accept payment in one currency only (US) Hedging of foreign exchange Risk of unanticipated or sudden changes in regulations, codes or standards in regards to the exploitation of the wood and equipment and machineries used The company has to be actively involved in the development of regulations, codes and standards to further improve the safety of the equipment The risk of damage to ecology, scenery – due to over exploitation of forestry Use environmental mitigation programs able to protect and restore the forest Government fire protection programs The risk of accidents in the process of transportation of the logs Regular monitoring of the vehicles Checking drivers hours of work – implementing special schedule of hours Risk of loss of licensing for cutting and harvesting the trees Renewal in advance of the licenses, request from government of auditing the harvesting areas The risk of logging and lumbering fire damage and vehicle damage Forestry and timber Insurance that focuses on logging and lumbering, sawmills, automobiles and equipment The risk related to the liquidity and payment schedules which could lead to credit losses Establish rules for tendering, levels of approval authority and rules for credit control The risk of reporting erroneous financial information for internal and external decision Use external appraisers to evaluate fair value of assets and properties Senior managers should assess their financial reports to determine when they require estimates based on significant judgment; And ensure that independent expertise is applied in deriving the reports The risk mitigation step involves development of mitigation plans designed to manage, eliminate, or reduce risk to an acceptable level. Once a plan is implemented, it is continually monitored to assess its efficacy with the intent of revising the course-of-action if needed. I would like to reiterate as stated in the IAA Standards that the organization should fully understand that management remains responsible for risk management. As Internal auditors, we should provide advice, and challenge or support management’s decisions on risk, as opposed to making risk management decisions. Below are some of the responsibilities that will not fall under the audit team: †¢ Setting the risk appetite. †¢ Imposing risk management processes. †¢ Management assurance on risks. †¢ Taking decisions on risk responses. †¢ Implementing risk responses on management’s behalf. †¢ Accountability for risk management. Question 4 MEMO To: Director of Internal audit Department From: †¦. Assistant Director Internal audit Date: October 06, 2014 CC: As requested, I have prepared a plan for auditing the division of Student Services as part of the Central College Institution. I will detail 6 steps in the audit process but firstly I want to highlight the Standard 2200, Practice Advisory 2200-1 that states the requirements for the engagements planning and outlines the steps. â€Å"Internal auditors must develop and plan for each engagement, including the engagement’s objectives, scope, timing and resource allocations†. â€Å"The Internal auditor plans and conducts the engagement, with supervisory review and approval† 1. The first step is: To obtain specific knowledge of the unit to be audited. In this stage of the process we will gather and review the specific documentation that will help us getting more familiar with the division of food service – residential and campus. Some of the documents we will be reviewing: The annual budget; we have information about how much the overall budget is (8.9mil.); need to know how much is allocated to the food service program and how is spent. Policies and procedures Previous internal audit papers and reports List of the staff; org charts Contracts with food suppliers Documented projects and how the implementation process took place Upon reviewing of the documents we will be able to assess the problems that incurred; it will help us identify any managerial mistakes, any miscommunication between suppliers and management; if there is enough staffing 2. The second step in the audit plan is to: Establish the audit objectives and the scope of the audit. At this stage we need to review all the activities involving food service program step by step. This is to identify areas of weakness, why there are negative reviews; why there is such a small budget allocated to such important segment in the student’s activity in the campus. Also we will be  able to identify whether the appropriate policies and procedures were followed. Is the part time staff working in the 6 food service facilities skilled for the specific job they do? Why there is only part time staffing and no full time jobs; if there are enough employees considering the large division of food service included 6 cafeterias and restaurants plus residential food service. 3. The following step is: The audit methodology. In this stage of the audit process we will be able to gather additional information by interviewing individuals involved in all aspects of the student services division. We will be asking questions in order to determine if there are possible weaknesses that can have a major impact of the effectiveness of the operating and managing the 6 restaurants and cafeterias as well as the residential food service. We will be interviewing the part time staff about the schedule they have, if there are any complaints, if there is enough coverage at specific time of the day i.e. morning and lunch – for the cafeterias and the restaurants. We will be interviewing the students and teachers about the hours of operation of the locations of the food service – they should be open late and they are actually closing early. We will be asking questions about the meal plans and find out if there is anything to improve on 4. The next step is: Determine the audit criteria. This very important step in the audit program will help us identify some of the criteria we can use in order to better assess the practices in the food service division. Budgeting The food service division must have a well established budget and a cost control in place and overseen by qualified staff. Price Management There should be a price verification policy in place to manage better the price of meals provided by the restaurants and the cafeteria – in comparison to other food providers around the campus (beat the price) Staffing there must be a criteria that analyze and conform with the labor standards –  achieve and surpass the minimum wage for the part time employees Food Quality and diversity there should be put in place a more divers meal plan based on the requirements and suggestions from the customers (students –divers ethnicity) new standards for nutritional meals are put in place and need to be followed Food locations management the standards for cleanliness and sanitation that are put in place need to be followed surveys will be handed out or on line surveys to measure the customer satisfaction 5. The following step is: Preparing staffing plans and time budgets At this stage in the audit plan we are dealing with establishing the budget necessary to accomplish the audit scope and the staff required to accomplish the plan in a timely manner. Since we are dealing with specifics in food industry – we have identified areas where there is not enough expertise from our team; therefore we require an additional external consultant (possible a nutritionist that possess the necessary knowledge). For the satisfaction survey we will be using the expertise of the actual marketing staff from the service department to create and implement the survey. 6. The next step is: Communication with management Subsequently, the audit plan needs to be discussing with the management. We will set up time for a meeting with the management to discuss the details over the purpose of the audit. We need to discuss further about the time allocated to the audit plan and go over each proposal for the relevant criteria that was chosen. In the meeting we will highlight the importance of the management active contribution and support to the audit process.