Drugs History And Definition Essays - Opioids, Euphoriants, Morphine

Drugs History And Definition History / Definition Drugs have a long and notorious history for altering minds. Drugs are used as a way of escaping reality and disappearing into another world. In this speech, I will assist you in understanding the history and definitions of various drugs. My proposed findings are based upon information I have gathered from a variety of what I believed to be reputable and credible sources. Therefore, according to Professor Blum, from the University of Chicago the original home of cannabis is thought to be Central Asia, but has spread around the globe with the exception of the Arctic regions and areas of wet tropical forests. Early in its history?the Chinese undoubtedly used it as a hallucinogen. 1500 years later when they had their first contact with Europeans the drug had fallen into decline. However, its value had become a primary source of fiber and there is record of hemp cultivation dating back to Neolithic times. The United States declared marijuana as an illegal drug in 1937. It has been a source of great controversy ever since. Another popular drug widely used in the United States is cocaine. Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of a plant called E-Coca. E-Coca, a bushy shrub native to South American countries at high altitudes. Cocaine is the primary alkaloid in these leaves. In addition, Sigmund Freud, the famous psychoanalyst, used cocaine to treat many of his patients, later he himself became an addict. Cocaine was found to have a numbing effect, therefore it was introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller. Cocaine use fell off for various reasons, before it reemerged in the late 1970s. Though touted as the ?perfect drug,? it has ruined many lives. Next, lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as (LSD) was created in 1943 by Albert Hofmann. This drug gained huge popularity in the 1960s. Hofmann's description of his experience while testing the drug was a pleasant intoxication-like feeling that extremely stimulated his imagination. His experience of uninterrupted stream of pictures, extraordinary shapes with kaleidoscopic play of colors lasted about six hours. Later, LSD was extensively studied by the military in the 1950s and finally outlawed in 1967. Other common drugs that are different in name but similar in origin are opium and heroin. Opium is thought to be 6000 years old, where heroin was created in 1874 and was originally marketed as a safe, non-addicted substitute for morphine. However, it was quickly noted that heroin also produce dependency very quickly in some individuals. Because of that, heroin and opiates were made illegal in 1920 with the dangerous drugs act. Phencyclidine commonly known as (PCP) was developed in 1926 as a surgical anesthetic. Its developers hoped it would prove safe and effective, but early researchers decided it is not much of neither and it sat on a shelf until 1957. This drug is currently illegal in the United States as well. Lastly, there is the drug labeled amphetamine. Amphetamines are divided into three basic groups?methamphetamine, dexamphetamines, and Benzedrine. These drugs are commonly known as speed, meth, crank, crystal, and ice. In 1887, they were synthesized in Germany?in search of curing disease. In the late 1920s, the drug was seriously investigated as a cure and treatment against nearly everything from depression to decongestion. Today these drugs are generally used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also known as (ADHD). In closing of my speech, I would like to quote Dr. Alfred Burger from the New England Journal of Medicine by stating, ?Drugs are chemical compounds that modify the way the body and mind work. Additionally, the word drug has acquired bad connotations in recent years due to the fact that society takes something good and turns into something bad, this has ultimately become a serious sociological problem.? Bibliography Annas, George, J. ?Reefer Madness?The Federal Response to California's Medical Marijuana Law.? The New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 337, No. 6. Aug1997. ?Legal Issues in Medicine.? 4 Mar 2000 Blum, Jeffrey. ?Re: United States Vs. Anderson, CR-89-210E.? 4 Mar 2000

Tobaccos unfair treatment essays

Tobacco's unfair treatment essays Unfortunately for the tobacco industry we live in an unfair society where the population always wants to point the finger at someone other than themselves. Tobacco has been around as long as anyone can remember, and unfortunate for the tobacco industry, they made it possible for the smoking American to be able to buy fully processed and manufactured cigarettes. During this time, the average smoking American has known that smoking causes health problems, and yet they continued to purchase the manufactured cigarette. Then in 1995, President Clinton ordered the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to write rules to regulate the sale and marketing of tobacco products in an effort to curb teen smoking. The writing of these rules would then touch off a series of Legal Battles, of which should not have been. I believe that for once the people that live in this country, should start taking responsibility, stop relying on the Government to make all their decisions, and start living with s ome common sense. Do to President Clinton's interference, the Tabacco Companies were sued by The United States, and a deal was made that the Tobacco Companies would pay 368.5 billion dollars over 25 years (3). This in itself should have been the end of the lawsuits, for the money was split between 44 states and was supposed to be used to repay smoking related medical expenses and also to be used to establish programs to help with the addiction. Only six states so far have made a commitment with their funds to use them towards smoke related programs. The others have treated it as winning the lottery, here are some examples: Louisiana allocated 55 percent of its initial $110 million payment to help balance the state budget (5) Montana used $800,000 of its money to finance a boot camp for juvenile delinquents (5). Along with the awarded moneys there was also other stipulations that would govern the sale and advertising of tobacco products. ...

HR Professionals Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

HR Professionals - Case Study Example as the report declares the primary need for J. & S Air Conditioning is to create a HR department. This department will help to provide a more dynamic picture of the actual nature of strategic management and stresses the need for HRM to be present at all levels of decision-making. Likewise, one which operates only at the administrative level will be seen to provide an incomplete service for the strategic business needs of the company. Although the model is developed from a national base, it is considered useful as a tool for analyzing the role of HRM in providing value-added in an international context. According to the report findings HR professionals do not have to fulfill all four roles themselves. Depending on the processes designed to reach the goal, the work may be shared by line managers, outside consultants, employees, technology, or other delivery mechanisms for HR activities. The tasks of the department will be to develop HR programs, implement thee programs, measure their success and introduce necessary changes in HRM. J. & S Air Conditioning can use traditional techniques of HR development but it should take into account strategic goals and tasks of the management. Recruitment and selection programs will help J. & S Air Conditioning to ensure adequate supply of staff and their performance. Effective recruitment and selection of employees for the core workforce that provides the organization with stability and continuity has become essential for organizational survival and presents another set of challenges. There is already intense competition for workers who are talente d enough to be a part of the core, and this is predicted to become even fiercer. Following Bohlander et al (2004) each member of the core is expected to perform multiple "jobs" and handle multiple responsibilities, as well as to maintain long-term loyalty to the organization. Thus, organizations need to attract and select workers who won't jump ship but who can swim from ship to shore (or ship to ship) as needed, and who can keep their bearings when pushed (Bohlander et al 2004). Online recruitment Online recruitment is one of the innovative solutions to effective and fast recruitment. One of the critical differences among Internet recruiters is the method by which their service matches candidates with jobs. So called bulletin boards, such as Monster Board and Career Mosaic have served primarily as on-line job posting and resume listing services whose main

Young College Female Students in early 1960 to 1963 Research Paper

Young College Female Students in early 1960 to 1963 - Research Paper Example It has become one of the basic needs alongside the other needs like food, shelter, and clothing. The need for education traces its roots to the ancient times with the need to read, write, and perform some arithmetic operations that were necessary for daily activities. Education enables individuals to understand different aspects of life in order to lead a positive way of life. It determines career and enables an individual to earn a living. Education at a higher level involves a form of training that equips individuals with knowledge and skills that can be used in different production practices. It helps individual develop a profession. It is a tool used to empower women and the marginalized groups. Education enables individuals to understand their rights and the roles that they should play in the society. Societies comprise different categories of individuals some of which are marginalized. Females and the minority groups have been the subjects of such forms of discrimination in the societies in the past. Education is essential in preventing and managing such kinds of discrimination. Access to education is affected by different social and economic factors. The financial status of an individual may deny one access to higher education that is quite expensive in most countries. The social factors like the culture that prevails in a given society may also influence access to education. In the olden times, more values were given to the males as compared to the females. In such cultures, females were not allowed access to meaningful education. The females were arguably destined to marriage and it was considered meaningless giving them higher formal education. This practice was witnessed in different parts of the world up to the twentieth century. The availability of the learning facilities is also another factor. Proximity to the educational centers can affect an individual’s access to education. Education saw significant developments across the globe over th e last century. It was observed that the number of students enrolled in tertiary colleges in the world increased over two hundred times from 500,000 students in 1900 to over 100 million in 2000.1 The proportion of female enrollment has also increased considerably in the recent decades. Various initiatives have been established in different countries aimed at empowering women and other disadvantaged individuals in the society. Various women activists have emerged to fight discrimination against women through promoting education of the girl child. The modern family planning methods have also enabled females to carry on with their education beyond high school. In the older days, women got married and were in the family way at their early twenties- mostly before college education. Thus, the enrollment of female students in institutions of higher learning changed significantly from the last half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Similarly, the enrollme nt of females in the colleges in the mid twentieth century is significantly different from the current women enrolment in colleges across the globe. This paper focuses on the college enrollment of female students in the United States in the early 1960 to 1963. The pattern of female enrollment that was seen before this period as well as the patterns that have been seen in the following period is also examined. The paper also focuses on the factors that could have contributed to the changes observed in the enrollment patterns. Thesis statement Despite the difficulties that the activists have encountered in the reform movements, female education has improved over the last decades with the female enrollment

Global Climate Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Climate Models - Essay Example Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the model is very efficient in estimating global climate change. It has been adopted by many nations globally because of its effective understanding of climate sensitivity. Moreover, the ECHAM5 reproduces the global metrics of the tropical cyclones. The other submodels before the ECHAM5 include the ECHAM4 which reproduces the extremes and variability of rainfall (Randall and Wood). The model was developed in 2005 by the Beijing Climate Centre. It was designed as a global ocean, atmospheric global model to reflect or study the mean climatological state (Bader, 2008). Therefore, it was not designed climate change in China, but to be used all over the globe. Additionally, it is very important to note that this model is used to predict global and East Asian seasonal climate. It presents a very high resolution of climate forecasts in China and more so it produces monthly scale forecasts of the climate in this region (Palmer, 2014). As a result, the monthly extended dynamic range system is thus based on the BCC-CM1 model. The BCC-CM1, 2005 has proved to be very accurate in predicting seasonal climate change as compared to the atmospheric and ocean models. After the analysis of the two climate models, it is crystal clear that the models were created in the same year and that both of them are coupled employing a combination of two models in one. However, the two models greatly differ from each other. The BCC-CM1, 2005 was designed in China while the ECHAM5/MPI-ON was designed in Germany. The most important difference is that the BCC-CMI model is very effective in predicting seasonal climate change. On the other hand, the ECHAM5/MPI-OM forecast climate change in the long run (Semenov & Stratonovitch, 2010). The computation of the ECHAM5 is meant to predict the climate change globally, but for a long duration of time.  Ã‚  

Determinants And Implications For Focused Antenatal Care Interventions

Determinants And Implications For Focused Antenatal Care Interventions The coverage of antenatal care (ANC) in many areas is known and there are a number of interventions to encourage use of ANC services by pregnant women. However, for women who attend ANC, it is important that they register at the appropriate time and pay a given number of visits over the pregnancy period to ensure that they receive the interventions recommended for the antenatal period at the right time. When a pregnant woman makes regular contact which her skilled antenatal care provider, she is in a position to receive various services such as those meant for prevention of eclampsia, intermittent preventive treatment for malaria, early detection of HIV/AIDS infection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission, micronutrient supplementation, birth preparedness and provision of information on danger signs occurring while she is pregnant or during delivery.1 Presently, Nigeria is transiting to the Focused Antenatal Care (FANC) approach promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO ) which is aimed at ensuring that each antenatal visit counts and that antenatal care interventions are delivered at the appropriate time.2 FANC is one of the pillars of safe motherhood. The goal of FANC is to ensure that pregnancy is normal through for major actions: identification of pre-existing health conditions, early detection of complications arising during the pregnancy, health promotion and disease prevention and birth preparedness and complication readiness planning.3The interventions are deployed in such a way that they are appropriate for the womans stage of pregnancy.4 Unlike the previously used routine care which was ritualistic and frequent visits, the FANC approach emphasizes evidence-based goal-directed actions, family-centred care, quality, rather than quantity of visits as well as care by skilled providers.3 4 Thus, numerous routine visits are no longer recommended and are considered a burden to women and the health care system. The FANC approach also deemphasizes the routine risk assessment approach for classifying women into high and low risks groups.2 With the risk assessment approach, women attending antenatal care were offered services which include blood pressure check, urinalysis to detect protein or bacteria, and blood test to rule out syphilis or anaemia.5 However many women classified as low risk end up having a false sense of security, are unable to recognize and respond to problems and end up developing complications. In addition, most high risk women give birth without complications and the excess care provided constitutes an inefficient use of scarce resources. The FANC approach in Nigeria requires that pregnant women would have paid the first visit for ANC by the 16 week of pregnancy or earlier when the women first thinks she is pregnant, the second between the 24th to 28th week, the third at the 32nd week and the 4th at the 36th week of pregnancy.2 Some authors have considered early booking to mean that a woman pays her first visit before the 14th week to achieve the aim of improved outcome of pregnancy both for a mother and her unborn child.6 Thus, by 36 weeks, a pregnant woman should have made the required minimum of four visits while those with risk of complications of conditions that can impact on pregnancy would require additional visits. The time of booking and ANC attendance can affect the effectiveness of interventions recommended for pregnant women and thus the goals of FANC. Early booking helps ensure that problems are detected and managed early.2 The first visit gives the opportunity to record information on family, maternal and medical history, carry out a physical examination, request laboratory tests, provide care including intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for malaria in pregnancy (if beyond first trimester), provide counselling including birth plan, use of insecticide treated bed nets (ITN), HIV counselling and testing and to discuss the schedule for care. The subsequent visits are necessary for noting complaints, targeted physical examination, reviewing test results, providing care including IPT for malaria, obtaining information on use of ITN, birth plans and carrying out HIV counselling. Justification for the study Interventions for pregnant women aim protect the woman and her unborn baby for the remaining period of the pregnancy and their provision should be timely. The later the timing of first visit the shorter the period of cover and the higher the risk of development of problems and complications for the woman and her baby. Thus it is not just important to know the proportion of pregnant women attending ANC, it is also important to know when attendees commence such visits and whether they pay an adequate number of visits. Although a number of studies have documented the timing of first visit and number of visits to ANC in the south-west region of Nigeria, little is known about the pattern in the south eastern region of the country. Additionally, most of the studies are limited in scope as they are facility based (usually tertiary hospital based) and thus reflect experience amongst pregnant women who are able to access such facilities even though primary health centres are the closest to people and usually the only available point of care in rural areas. Aim: This study is aimed at documenting the socio-demographic predictors of timing of ANC booking and subsequent attendance amongst pregnant women in order to understand the impact these can have on deployment of focused antenatal care interventions for pregnant women. Objectives: To determine the timing of booking and pattern of subsequent ANC attendance among pregnant women attending primary level facilities To examine whether the timing of ANC booking and clinic attendance is affected by individual level socio-demographic factors To assess the appropriateness of timing of booking and attendance for effective delivery of focused antenatal care interventions To examine how the findings of the study can impact on the deployment of antenatal care interventions for pregnant women. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The concept of focused antenatal care is based on the assumption that since every pregnancy faces the risk of development of complications, every pregnant woman should be monitored to avoid development of such complications.2 Lack of antenatal care is known to be a major risk factor for development of negative pregnancy outcomes. However, when antenatal care is appropriately delivered, it has the potential to positively impact on maternal mortality and morbidity.7 Studies have shown that many women obtain care quite late during the pregnancy period and the care obtained is usually inadequate.2 8 9 The first visit for antenatal care in Africa usually takes place around the fourth to fifth month of pregnancy.5 In the African region, 73% of pregnant women aged 15 49 years pay at least one visit to a health care provider for antenatal care while only 44% pay at least four visits.10 A study by Al-Nasser in Saudi Arabia showed that majority (60.8%) of pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in primary health care centres were first seen before the 20th week of gestation.11 Fekede, et al noted that 42.8% of 360 pregnant women in an Ethiopian town attending antenatal clinic did so for the first time within the 3rd trimester while only 6.5% had the recommended minimum of four visits.12 In Nigeria, the figures assessing antenatal care utilization are below the African regional values as 58% of women aged 15-49 years receive ANC from a skilled health provider at least once during pregnancy while 45% of women make four or more visits for ANC.2 10 Based on the 2008 NDHS the median gestational age at booking is 5 months.2 Among 395 women attending antenatal clinic in public and private facilities covering the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of care in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, 25.8% paid the first visit for antenatal care within the first trimester. Mean gestational age at booking was found to be 18.5 (Â ±6.3) weeks while the mean number of antenatal visits was 4.0 (Â ±2.4).13 A study carried out among 378 pregnant women attending a tertiary hospital in Edo state Nigeria noted that the 6th month of pregnancy as the peak period of first visit for antenatal care among the women.14 Okunlola et al found a mean gestational age at booking of 21.82 (Â ±7.0) weeks wi th only 14.1% of the women paying attending for the first time within the first trimester.6 In a tertiary facility in Osogbo Nigeria, the mean gestational age was found to be 20.3 (Â ±6.2) weeks and 82.6% of those studied booked late.15 Amongst 400 women attending antenatal clinic at a tertiary facility in Ile Ife, Nigeria, 71% had registered by the 20th week of gestation.16 Aluko and Oluwatosin found low rates of first trimester booking and irregular visits for antenatal care among women attending clinics in a mission hospital in Ibadan south west Nigeria.17 Socio-demographic factors and parity have been found to directly influence the timing of first visit for antenatal care though the results are sometimes dissimilar. Most women (79.9%) attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary hospital in Edo state Nigeria were found to have booked late.18 However, there was no significant difference in age, parity, level of education and social class between women booking early and late. In a study carried out among pregnant women attending a the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Adegbola found a mean gestational age at first booking of 18.5 (Â ±8.3), 18.4 (Â ±7.4) weeks for nulliparous and primiparous women respectively.19 The overall mean gestational age at booking was 19.1(Â ±7.2) weeks. Women with parity 5 booked at significantly higher mean gestational age of 25.9 (Â ±) weeks and women of lower social class tend to book earlier for antenatal care. Similarly Adeyemi, et al found that late booking was thrice as common in multiparous women com pared with the nulliparous group and the difference was significant.20 Other authors have found an association between parity and timing of first visit, and number of antenatal visits.11 21 A number of studies have documented the factors that affect use of ANC amongst women in the developing countries;9 these determinants are also likely to affect the timeliness of attendance for ANC. Chandrashekar, et al found that women who are poor, illiterate, multiparous, unskilled and over 30 years of age were less likely to receive antenatal care in India.22 Age was found to be a significant predictor of ANC attendance in a community based study in Ethiopia where women aged 15-24 years were found 2.75 times more likely to attend than those aged 25-34 years.12 Geographic place of residence can also have an impact as women living in urban areas are more likely to receive antenatal care during pregnancy. Women have also been found to concurrently use multiple antenatal care providers and this can affect the timing of booking in a facility. Adeoye, et al found that 25% and 30.5% of women attending two antenatal care clinics in a tertiary facility in Ebonyi state were concurrently using both formal and informal providers of antenatal care.23 Of 535 women attending a tertiary facility in Enugu Nigeria, 69.5% were booked in more than one facility.24 The time of commencement of ANC visits has implications for the period of protection that pregnant women have from interventions. For example where women attend antenatal care late in pregnancy, they may not receive the recommended 2-3 doses of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) for malaria in pregnancy using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations.25 Data from the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) shows that among 11,027 women aged 15 49 years with a live birth within a period of 2 years preceding the survey, only 8.0% received at least one dose of IPT while 4.9% received 2 or more doses.2 The proportion was 9.9% and 5.4% respectively for the south east region of Nigeria. It is important that pregnant women are available at the appropriate time for delivery of IPT which is best given when the growth of the foetus is occurring at its highest velocity (16th 24th week) as this helps to reduce placental parasitaemia, foetal growth reduction and the resultant low birth weight.26 It is also known that the negative impact of malaria is worse among women with their first and second pregnancies compared to those that have had more than two pregnancies.27-29 Thus primi and secundi-gravidae need to pay their first visit early enough to ensure adequate protection through the pregnancy period. The same consideration holds sway for interventions such as insecticide treated nets for which the potential protective time period depends on how early in pregnancy a woman starts sleeping under the net. All it all, timely attendance to ANC is important to enhance the potential for positive pregnancy outcomes since it provides pregnant women with the opportunity to receive recommended interventions and the protection from problems and complications. Socio-demographic and maternal factors such as parity can affect the timeliness of ANC visits by pregnant women. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Study area: This study will be carried out in Enugu State, South-East Nigeria. Enugu state comprises of 17 Local Government Areas (LGAs), has a total population of 3,257,298 people and an annual growth rate of 3.0.30 Three of the 17 LGAs (Enugu North, Enugu South and Nsukka) are urban, one (Enugu East) has a mix of urban and rural areas while the remaining 13 LGAs are rural. The people of Enugu are of Igbo ethnicity and are predominantly Christians. A substantial proportion of the working population in the state is engaged in farming, trading, and public service employment. Study site: Two areas will be purposively selected for the study to enable collection of data across for those in both urban and rural areas of the state. These are Udi LGA comprising Udi North and South Development Councils will be used to represent the rural areas while Enugu North and South LGAs will represent the urban areas. Udi has a population of 234,002 while Enugu North and South have a population of 244,852 and 198,723 respectively.30 Udi LGA has 14 primary health facilities that offer ANC services while Enugu North and South (referred to as Enugu) together have 12 primary facilities that offer ANC (appendix 1). Study design: This will be a cross-sectional study involving eliciting of information from pregnant women attending primary health centres for antenatal care through exit interviews using a pre-tested questionnaire. Sampling and sample size: All the primary health care facilities providing ANC in the study LGAs will be used for the study. Since the level of attendance of ANC varies for different facilities, a proportionate method will be used for determining the sample size for each facility. The proportion will be determined by considering the average weekly number of antenatal clinic attendees to the facility relative to the total from all facilities as reported by the heads of the facilities and the relative proportion will be computed. The minimum sample size required for the study is 374. This was determined using the formula for determination of sample size for population proportion,31 an ANC coverage level of 58%,2 a confidence level of 95% and an error margin of 0.05. Z= 1.96 at 95% confidence level, (two-sided). p=ANC coverage = 58% d=margin of error tolerated = 0.05 Considering a potential refusal rate of 10%, 411 women will be sampled. Study tools: Data will be collected using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire (appendix 2) which will be administered by trained field workers. The questionnaire will be pre-tested amongst pregnant women attending ANC at the Primary Health Centre Abakpa, Enugu East LGA which will not be used for the study. Data analysis: Epi Info statistical software will be used for data entry while SPSS and Stata Softwares will be used for data analysis. Data will initially aim to elicit the determinants of timing of booking of ANC. Subsequently, a continuous socio-economic status index will be generated using the principal component analysis technique in STATA software package 32 to enable disaggregation of data into socio-economic quintiles. Information that will be used include households asset holdings including television, radio, refrigerator, car, bicycle, rechargeable lamp, kerosene lamp, electric fan, air conditioner, motorcycle.33 The SES quintiles generated will be used in assessing differences in timing of booking for women of various SES groups. Logistic regression analysis will be employed for examination of the determinants of the timing of booking. Data analysis will also aim to estimate the proportion of women attending at the appropriate time for delivery of recommended interventions . Chi squared test will be used to test for significance of differences observed for categorical data while chi squared for trend test will be employed for ordered categorical data. All tests of significance will be done a p value of 0.05. Ethical considerations: Ethical clearance will be obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, while permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Primary Health Care Coordinator of the LGAs as well as from the heads of facilities to be used. Written consent will be obtained from patients who are interviewed after they have been informed of the objectives of the study and the voluntary nature of their participation.

Looking for a hotel where kids are welcome? :: Essays Papers

Looking for a hotel where kids are welcome? GRAPH The well-known comic The Family Circus by Bil Keane, which is run in over 1500 newspapers, shows the hectic life of an American family, giving meaning to the saying, "Kids will be kids." It is based on the actual life of Bil Keane’s family and his experiences as a child. The most commonly noted features of his comic are the circular shape he often encloses the pictures in, and the dotted line that follows the children around, giving away their every move. Many other cartoonists try to capture the Family Circus mood by incorporating these features into their own works. GRAPH The Wyndham Hotels & Resorts advertisement uses this technique to show the path your child may take around the room of a hotel, where there is nothing else for them to do. It describes the creative and active characteristics of children, who require near constant entertainment that keeps them busy and uses their developing mind. At Wyndham hotels, they understand that keeping your children entertained is a challenging task for you, the parent, which is why they provide an activity package for your kids. The disapproving glare from behind the desk that is sometimes given to parents as they walk into a nice hotel with their three young children is often mirrored to pet-owners, which I can relate to. This gives you a feeling of insecurity and makes you feel unwelcome. I know I appreciate when the hotel at which I am planning to stay has a special feature for pets because then I know not only am I welcome, but that they also welcome my dog. The feeling is similar with parents wanting their children to be welcome. You know from watching Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. with your kids, how much they love Spongebob Squarepants. Moreover, you know that sleepovers are fun. Wyndham Hotels & Resorts also know this, which is why they are advertising this Spongebob Squarepants sleepover party package.

Spontaneous Consumer

The impacts on ’Spontaneous Consumer’ have resulted in the trend on Auckland Theatre Company. Impacts such as raising demands in the sales of tickets at the last minute. As inferred from the case study, â€Å"on average, 25-30 per cent of a season is booked in advance by subscribes. This may create loss of sales revenue from the particular group of ‘Spontaneous Consumers'. However, Auckland Theatre Company may extend their registration dates to cater to this particular group's needs. Extended registration dates such as having two sessions. First session registration dates to be launch earlier in the month, second session registration dates to be launch end of the month to cater to busy consumer who are not able to make it for the first launch dates. Other impacts such as disputes consumers may derive from ‘the spontaneous consumers. ‘ The inability to purchase a ticket to the play due last minute decision may result in poor customer experiences and thus poor customer retention. As inferred from the case study, â€Å"Part of the reason for the success of Auckland Theatre Company lies in the company's ability to recognize and address the safety, social, ego and self-actualization of the consumers. The inability to purchase a ticket to the play due last minute decision may also result in the lack of ego needs toward consumers. In addition to minimize the negative impacts on Auckland Theatre Company. Auckland Theatre Company can accommodate to this particular group of ‘spontaneous consumer' by using the power of marketing strategic to enhance attractive promotion such as ‘ early bird promotion' to attract spontaneous consumers to purchase their tickets in an earlier timings. This may help to increase the impulse of spontaneous consumers and influence their buying decision through marketing strategic and also help generate revenues for their company.

Macbeth Essays - English-language Films, British Films, Free Essays

Macbeth Essays - English-language Films, British Films, Free Essays Macbeth Macbeth: a Tragic Hero A tragic hero is a person whos life is determined by four elements: fate, weakness (in Macbeths case, fear), poor decision making, and the realization of flaws with inability to prevent the oncoming tragedy. First of all, fate is defined as the power or force held to predetermine events. Fate makes its first appearance in the play when Lady Mac receives Macbeths letter which tells of the witches prophecies. At this point, Lady Mac is stricken with fear because she is afraid that Macbeth will not utilize his opportunity to seize the crown, Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to have thee crowns withal (1.5 29-30). In the end, Macbeth will have to come face to face with his fate and deal with it accordingly. Secondly, Macbeths weakness (fear) is another element in his being a tragic hero. This weakness is portrayed often in the character of Macbeth. Oftentimes, tragic heroes must contain the element of fear, because it is a very humanizing element, so therefore without it, they would be some sort of superior human, which they are not. They are still human, even though they are heroes. In the case of Macbeth, his fear was created by himself due to the situations which he has involved himself with. Eventually it is this self-induces, self-produced fear which eats Macbeth from the inside out. In the end, Macbeths fear becomes a totally all-inclusive, all- consuming creature which takes his life and virtually rapes him of his unlawfully obtained position of king. Bibliography 1) Aspects of Macbeth, Kenneth Muir, Philip Edwards, Cambridge University Press1978 2) The New Varioum Shakespeare, Macbeth, Horace Howard Furness, New York American Scholar, 1963. 3) Shakespeare: The Tragedy of Macbeth, John Russell Brown, Barons Educational Series, Inc. 1963. 4) Double Profit in Macbeth, H. L. Rogers, Melbourne University Press 1964. 5) Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary, Lippincott & Crowell, Publishers 1980

Sparrow Essay Example

Sparrow Essay Example Sparrow Essay Sparrow Essay Sparrow Essay Sparrow by Norman MacCaig is a short poem, which introduces us to the concept of the harshness and dangers of nature, and the birds which live in it. The poem focuses on a sparrow being a streetwise fighting survivalist, in comparison to other, more exotic birds, which share his habitat. The author uses comparisons between birds and humans, giving the birds human like qualities. The poem starts off with hes no artist, which is very negative and straight to the point. This gives us an initial image of the sparrows uncreative and average ways. Right from the opening line, the sparrows skills and deemed unworthy. This image is then further enhanced when we are told that his taste in clothes is more dowdy than gaudy. This is referring to his feathers as very boring and unstylish, as if they were cheap, uncleansed clothing, and he would rather these than expensive, extravagant clothing. The author then goes on to compare the sparrow to a bird of the higher class, the blackbird. It is said to be writing pretty scrolls on the air with the gold nib of his beak, which shows the graceful and elegant movement of the blackbird as it flies through the sky. This is a direct contrast to the sparrow (hes no artist). The blackbird is being compared to a fountain pen, which is seen as a luxury, and is Judged on its style, rather than its ability. This is also the case with the sparrow. Gold relates to wealth and reflects on the blackbirds superiority over the sparrow. It is then said that the blackbird would call the sparrows nest a slum. This shows that the nest is small and dirty, which is not up to the blackbirds standards. The second stanza initially focuses on poetic and beautiful language to show how the more graceful birds live. MacCaig uses alliteration here (stalk solitary and sing solitary) which is very effective and adds to he delicate, melodic language of the stanza. This then leads on to an anti-climactic ending which explains that the sparrow would rather a punch up in the gutter. This implies that the sparrow is nothing more than a street fighter by introducing an element of violence, and shows that nature can have destructive forces within it. Norman MacCaig shows us that the sparrow only cares for survival skills, as he carries what learning he has lightly. He has no need for artistic or any other skills that other birds may have. It is said that he is a proletarian bird, which shows that e is very common, working class, and certainly no scholar. He only needs to know what is useful to him for survival. The final stanza starts with but when the winter soft-shoes in which introduces a change in direction. This is a use of personification, and makes winter sound as if it had crept up behind the birds without them even noticing. This emphasises the dangers of the winter season for the birds. The other birds are then identified as ballet dancers, musicians, architects. These are the artistic birds that, instead of learning basic survival skills, they gracefully fly around ballet dancers), make beautiful music with their songs (musicians), and build impressive nests (architects). It is this point when the true harsh nature of the winter is revealed, as it is said that these birds die in the snow and freeze to branches. Despite all their impressive aspects, they do not have the practical skills like the sparrow. The sparrow inevitably survives the winter, and the other birds are said to watch him happily flying on the O-levels and A-Levels of the air. The poet uses humorous irony here, as it relates to school grades. This also once again, relates back o the human comparison, and makes a very effective ending for the poem. Sparrow by Norman MacCaig provides us with a different insight into nature, and characterises the sparrow, which would normally be considered as Just another common bird. The poet, through a variety of writing techniques, describes the beauty and harshness of nature, and the character of the sparrow, and other birds. Throughout the poem, MacCaig shows us that there is no shame in being a common, working class person. When danger arises, it is the common man that will have the practical skills, and strength of character to survive.

The American Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The American Experiment - Essay Example Jurists make their deliberations under the cloak of secrecy hence it is very difficult to make out what happens in their discussion chambers. Legal policymakers have for a long time relied on untested intuitions on juries to make important decisions about both the scope and conduct of jury trials. However, empirical research on the functioning of the jury is gradually replacing this initial reliance on intuition, speculation, and anecdotes. There is a lot of information on the cognitive processing at trial as well as dynamics of jury deliberations. In their research study, Zeisel and Kalven try to explain why and how members of the jury make their decisions (Murphy, Pritchett, Epstein & Knight, 2006). The authors refer to the whole jury system as an experiment but unfortunately with the conduct of serious human affairs. They describe how the Judiciary picks members of the Jury as one of the factors that make it an experiment. The authors state that the random choice of the Jurists and then the abrupt dismissal at the end of a trial makes it all the more experimental. They argue that most of the Jurists are not usually well versed with law terminologies and despite the Judge’s warnings; most of them often make their decision way early in the pre-trial phase. Zeisel and Kalven further state that the confidence in the jury system shows that the emotional and social aspects of the Jurists’ human nature were implicit in the formulation of this democratic ideal (Murphy, Pritchett, Epstein & Knight, 2006). According to their research, Jurists use two main phenomena when making their decisions, that is the punished-enough theory and decisions that have race as their basis. On the punished-enough theory, the authors argue that most Jurists make their decisions basing on their emotions rather than logic and the legal instructions that the Judge reads out to them at the beginning of a trial. They further use actual court records

Video Analysis 3 Socio cultural Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video Analysis 3 Socio cultural Theory - Essay Example They gain increased responsibility and become fully participative in the activities under consideration. It is worth pointing that when learners are engaged in playful environments, their cognitive abilities are enhanced. This enables them to perform challenging tasks with assistance (Mitchell and Myles, 2004, p. 262). The video outlines the reasons behind fostering interaction in the classroom. Interaction accommodates learning differences and styles from different students while providing students with an excellent environment for getting involved in different cognitive abilities. Further, interaction motivates students to learn through improving on task engagement while enabling students to get involved in engaging activities. The video uses two examples to elaborate on the aforementioned reasons of fostering student interaction. According to Foster and Ohta (2005), assistance enables a learner to do something that he/she would not have otherwise done (p. 414). This is exemplified in the video, where students are seen assisting one another in the various tasks. For instance, in the second example in the video, we see the students assisting each other to write a correct sentence. The teacher finally assists them to develop correct sentences. Interaction is another crucial aspect, which is exemplified in the video. Establishment and management of an interactive environment is essential in facilitating learning (Zuengler and Miller, 2006). In the video, students are seen interacting with others and with their teacher in completing the tasks given. Further, playing and attempting challenging tasks (in assistance) help students to enhance their cognitive abilities. In the video, specifically in the first example, students are seen engaging in a competitive situation. This is tantamount to playing, which enables students to think fast (whether the sentence given is true or false). In the second example in the video,